La formulación de cargos en el sistema de responsabilidad penal para adolescentes frente a conductas punibles de alta lesividad en Colombia: insuficiencias normativas y tensiones del modelo garantista
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Fecha
2026
Autores
Chaves Zuluaga, Jonathan Stewart
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Ediciones Universidad Simón Bolívar
Facultad de Ciencias Jurídicas y Sociales
Facultad de Ciencias Jurídicas y Sociales
Resumen
La formulación de cargos constituye uno de los actos procesales más relevantes dentro del Sistema de Responsabilidad Penal para Adolescentes (SRPA), ya que a partir de esta etapa se delimita jurídicamente la imputación penal y se establecen las bases del proceso penal juvenil. No obstante, cuando el sistema debe enfrentar conductas punibles de alta lesividad cometidos por adolescentes, surgen tensiones entre el enfoque pedagógico y garantista del derecho penal juvenil y las exigencias de respuesta institucional frente a conductas que afectan bienes jurídicos fundamentales.
En este contexto, la presente investigación tiene como objetivo analizar las insuficiencias normativas que presenta la formulación de cargos dentro del Sistema de Responsabilidad Penal para Adolescentes frente a conductas punibles de alta lesividad cometidos por menores de edad en Colombia.
La investigación se desarrolló mediante un enfoque cualitativo de carácter jurídico- dogmático, a partir del análisis del marco constitucional, legal y jurisprudencial del sistema penal juvenil colombiano, así como del estudio de la doctrina penal contemporánea.
Adicionalmente, se utilizó el estudio de caso como estrategia metodológica para examinar la aplicación práctica del sistema frente a un hecho de extrema gravedad ampliamente difundido en el contexto nacional.
Se concluye que la formulación de cargos dentro del SRPA requiere el fortalecimiento de criterios jurídicos diferenciados que permitan armonizar el carácter garantista del sistema penal juvenil con la necesidad de responder de manera proporcional frente a conductas punibles de alta lesividad cometidos por adolescentes.
The charging stage constitutes one of the most relevant procedural acts within the Colombian Juvenile Criminal Responsibility System (SRPA), since it legally defines the criminal accusation and establishes the basis of juvenile criminal proceedings. However, when the system faces high-severity crimes committed by adolescents, tensions arise between the pedagogical and guarantist orientation of juvenile criminal law and the institutional need to respond to conduct affecting fundamental legal interests. In this context, this research aims to analyze the normative insufficiencies present in the charging stage within the Juvenile Criminal Responsibility System when addressing serious crimes committed by minors in Colombia. The study was conducted using a qualitative dogmatic legal approach based on the analysis of constitutional provisions, national legislation, constitutional jurisprudence, and contemporary criminal law doctrine. Additionally, a case study methodology was employed in order to examine the practical application of the system through the analysis of a widely known high-severity case in the Colombian context. The research concludes that the charging stage within the SRPA requires the strengthening of differentiated legal criteria capable of harmonizing the guarantist nature of juvenile justice with the need for proportional responses to high-severity crimes committed by adolescents.
The charging stage constitutes one of the most relevant procedural acts within the Colombian Juvenile Criminal Responsibility System (SRPA), since it legally defines the criminal accusation and establishes the basis of juvenile criminal proceedings. However, when the system faces high-severity crimes committed by adolescents, tensions arise between the pedagogical and guarantist orientation of juvenile criminal law and the institutional need to respond to conduct affecting fundamental legal interests. In this context, this research aims to analyze the normative insufficiencies present in the charging stage within the Juvenile Criminal Responsibility System when addressing serious crimes committed by minors in Colombia. The study was conducted using a qualitative dogmatic legal approach based on the analysis of constitutional provisions, national legislation, constitutional jurisprudence, and contemporary criminal law doctrine. Additionally, a case study methodology was employed in order to examine the practical application of the system through the analysis of a widely known high-severity case in the Colombian context. The research concludes that the charging stage within the SRPA requires the strengthening of differentiated legal criteria capable of harmonizing the guarantist nature of juvenile justice with the need for proportional responses to high-severity crimes committed by adolescents.
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Palabras clave
Responsabilidad penal juvenil, Formulación de cargos, SRPA, Conductas punibles de alta lesividad, Garantismo penal