Pronunciamientos jurisprudenciales constitucionales fuero por estabilidad laboral salud-procedimientos o garantías
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Fecha
2025
Autores
Rodríguez Palacio, Dayana Patricia
Ramírez Vargas, Yugeidis Isabel
Altamar Herrera, Juan Pablo
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Ediciones Universidad Simón Bolívar
Facultad de Ciencias Jurídicas y Sociales
Facultad de Ciencias Jurídicas y Sociales
Resumen
Las controversias jurídicas que rodean el reconocimiento de incapacidades, la protección
del fuero de salud y la estabilidad laboral reforzada en Colombia evidencian tensiones entre la
normatividad prestacional, las obligaciones de los empleadores y la garantía efectiva de los
derechos fundamentales de los trabajadores. Estas tensiones se materializan, principalmente, en la
negativa o demora de las EPS para reconocer incapacidades, la existencia de vacíos normativos en
los periodos prolongados de incapacidad especialmente entre los 180 y 540 días y la terminación
arbitraria de contratos laborales en situaciones de debilidad manifiesta (Corte Constitucional,
2017a).
El análisis muestra que estas fallas administrativas y decisiones empresariales afectan de
manera directa el mínimo vital, la salud y la dignidad humana, lo cual habilita la intervención
constitucional inmediata mediante la acción de tutela, tal como lo ha reiterado la jurisprudencia en
casos donde la omisión del reconocimiento prestacional compromete derechos fundamentales
(Corte Constitucional, 2017b; Corte Constitucional, 2020). A su vez, la interrupción injustificada
de la relación laboral, sin la autorización previa del Ministerio de Trabajo, constituye una
vulneración del principio de estabilidad reforzada contemplado en el artículo 53 de la Constitución
Política (1991) y desarrollado ampliamente por la jurisprudencia unificada (SU-049 de 2017).
Asimismo, el estudio evidencia que la estabilidad laboral reforzada no depende de la
modalidad contractual sino del estado de salud del trabajador, criterio reafirmado en decisiones
como la T-040 de 2016, en la cual la Corte Constitucional determinó que incluso en vínculos por
prestación de servicios existe protección reforzada cuando la persona enfrenta una condición que
limita su capacidad laboral. Esta perspectiva garantiza que la formalidad contractual no se imponga
sobre los principios de igualdad, dignidad humana y justicia material (Corte Constitucional, 2016).
Finalmente, se concluye que el reconocimiento oportuno de incapacidades, la protección
del fuero de salud y la preservación del vínculo laboral son elementos esenciales del derecho
fundamental a la seguridad social, consagrado en los artículos 48 y 49 constitucionales y reforzado
por la Ley Estatutaria de Salud 1751 de 2015. Por ello, cualquier obstáculo injustificado en la
prestación económica o en la continuidad del empleo debe evaluarse bajo criterios de razonabilidad
y proporcionalidad, garantizando la prevalencia de los derechos fundamentales sobre exigencias
administrativas o decisiones empresariales.
The legal controversies surrounding the recognition of disabilities, the protection of healthrelated job privileges, and reinforced job stability in Colombia highlight tensions between social security regulations, employer obligations, and the effective guarantee of workers' fundamental rights. These tensions mainly manifest in the refusal or delay by EPS (Health Promoting Entities) to recognize disabilities, the existence of regulatory gaps during prolonged disability periods especially between 180 and 540 days and the arbitrary termination of employment contracts in situations of evident vulnerability (Constitutional Court, 2017a). The analysis shows that these administrative failures and business decisions directly affect the basic standard of living, health, and human dignity, which allows for immediate constitutional intervention through the tutela action, as jurisprudence has repeatedly affirmed in cases where the omission of recognition. Likewise, the study shows that enhanced job stability does not depend on the type of contract but on the worker's health condition, a criterion reaffirmed in decisions such as T-040 of 2016, in which the Constitutional Court determined that even in service provision arrangements, enhanced protection exists when a person faces a condition that limits their work capacity. This perspective ensures that contractual formality does not override the principles of equality, human dignity, and substantive justice (Constitutional Court, 2016). Finally, it is concluded that the timely recognition of disabilities, the protection of health-related job security, and the preservation of the employment relationship are essential elements of the fundamental right to social security, enshrined in Articles 48 and 49 of the Constitution and reinforced by the Statutory Health Law 1751 of 2015. Therefore, any unjustified obstacle in the provision of economic support or in the continuity of the emp.
The legal controversies surrounding the recognition of disabilities, the protection of healthrelated job privileges, and reinforced job stability in Colombia highlight tensions between social security regulations, employer obligations, and the effective guarantee of workers' fundamental rights. These tensions mainly manifest in the refusal or delay by EPS (Health Promoting Entities) to recognize disabilities, the existence of regulatory gaps during prolonged disability periods especially between 180 and 540 days and the arbitrary termination of employment contracts in situations of evident vulnerability (Constitutional Court, 2017a). The analysis shows that these administrative failures and business decisions directly affect the basic standard of living, health, and human dignity, which allows for immediate constitutional intervention through the tutela action, as jurisprudence has repeatedly affirmed in cases where the omission of recognition. Likewise, the study shows that enhanced job stability does not depend on the type of contract but on the worker's health condition, a criterion reaffirmed in decisions such as T-040 of 2016, in which the Constitutional Court determined that even in service provision arrangements, enhanced protection exists when a person faces a condition that limits their work capacity. This perspective ensures that contractual formality does not override the principles of equality, human dignity, and substantive justice (Constitutional Court, 2016). Finally, it is concluded that the timely recognition of disabilities, the protection of health-related job security, and the preservation of the employment relationship are essential elements of the fundamental right to social security, enshrined in Articles 48 and 49 of the Constitution and reinforced by the Statutory Health Law 1751 of 2015. Therefore, any unjustified obstacle in the provision of economic support or in the continuity of the emp.
Descripción
Palabras clave
Fuero de salud, Estabilidad laboral reforzada, Incapacidades, Debilidad manifiesta, Derechos fundamentales, Jurisprudencia constitucional
