Hyponatremia and malnutrition: a comprehensive review
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Fecha
2024
Autores
Baez, German
Chirio, Martin
Pisula, Pedro
Seminario, Enrique
Carasa, Natalia
Philippi, Romina
Aroca-Martinez, Gustavo
Musso, Carlos
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Editor
Springer
Resumen
Background Hyponatremia (serum sodium lower than 135 mmol/L) is the most frequent electrolyte alteration diagnosed in
medical practice. It has deleterious clinical effects, being an independent predictor of mortality. Malnutrition encompasses
pathological states caused by both nutrients excess and deficiency, being frequently documented in chronic kidney disease
patients. In addition, chronic hyponatremia promotes adiposity loss and sarcopenia, while malnutrition can induce hyponatremia.
This pathological interaction is mediated by four main mechanisms: altered electrolyte body composition (low
sodium, low potassium, low phosphorus, or high-water body content), systemic inflammation (cytokines increase), hormonal
mechanisms (renin–angiotensin–aldosterone system activation, vasopressin release), and anorexia (primary or secondary).
Conclusion Malnutrition can induce hyponatremia through hydro-electrolytic, hormonal, inflammatory, or nutritional behavior
changes; while hyponatremia per se can induce malnutrition, so there is a pathophysiological feedback between both
conditions.
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Palabras clave
Hyponatremia, Malnutrition, Pathophysiology
Citación
Baez, G., Chirio, M., Pisula, P. et al. Hyponatremia and malnutrition: a comprehensive review. Ir J Med Sci 193, 1043–1046 (2024). https://doi.org/10.1007/s11845-023-03490-8
