Estigma auto-percibido y exhibido en la búsqueda de ayuda y su relación con la no asistencia profesional en salud mental en estudiantes de Medicina de una Universidad de Barranquilla (Atl; co)
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Fecha
2024
Autores
Urbina Peláez, Lina Mercedes
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Ediciones Universidad Simón Bolívar
Facultad de Ciencias de la Salud
Facultad de Ciencias de la Salud
Resumen
Antecedentes: El estigma auto-percibido y exhibido hacia las enfermedades mentales es un obstáculo significativo en la búsqueda de ayuda en salud mental, particularmente entre los estudiantes de medicina, quienes están expuestos a altos niveles de estrés académico y presión social, lo que incrementa su vulnerabilidad frente a trastornos mentales. Objetivo: Determinar si el estigma percibido y exhibido en relación con las enfermedades mentales constituye una barrera para la búsqueda de atención psicológica o psiquiátrica en estudiantes de medicina de una universidad en Barranquilla, Atlántico. Metodología: Se llevó a cabo un estudio descriptivo y correlacional de corte transversal con una muestra de 321 estudiantes de medicina matriculados en una Universidad de Barranquilla (ATL, CO). La recolección de datos se realizó mediante la aplicación de dos instrumentos validados: la Escala de Autoestigma de Búsqueda de Ayuda (ABA), que evalúa el estigma auto-percibido relacionado con la búsqueda de atención profesional, y la Escala de Actitudes Comunitarias hacia las Enfermedades Mentales (CAMI), que mide el estigma exhibido en cuatro dimensiones (autoritarismo, benevolencia, restricción social e ideología comunitaria). Además, se recopiló información sociodemográfica (edad, género, nivel socioeconómico, semestre académico) y el historial de búsqueda de atención en salud mental. Los datos fueron analizados mediante pruebas estadísticas como t de Student, Chi-cuadrado y análisis discriminante lineal, con un nivel de significancia de p < 0.05. Resultados: El 47% de los estudiantes informó haber buscado atención en salud mental alguna vez, con una prevalencia significativamente mayor entre mujeres (52%) que entre hombres (38%). Además, el 15% de los estudiantes reportó haber recibido tratamiento especializado en salud mental, siendo también más común entre mujeres (19%) que entre hombres (9.4%). En cuanto al estigma, se encontraron diferencias significativas en las actitudes exhibidas. Los hombres presentaron puntajes más altos en la subescala de autoritarismo (27.5 ± 4.8) en comparación con las mujeres (26.0 ± 4.2, p = 0.004). Las mujeres, en cambio, mostraron mayor benevolencia hacia las personas con trastornos mentales (40.8 ± 5.4 vs. 37.2 ± 7.2 en hombres, p < 0.001). Los estudiantes que reportaron mayores niveles de autoestigma (ABA) tuvieron una tendencia significativa a evitar la búsqueda de atención especializada. Asimismo, el análisis discriminante mostró que tanto el estigma percibido como el exhibido influyeron de manera importante en la decisión de no buscar ayuda. Conclusión: El estigma auto-percibido y exhibido representan barreras relevantes para la búsqueda de atención en salud mental en estudiantes de medicina, particularmente en hombres. Estos resultados resaltan la importancia de implementar intervenciones que disminuyan el estigma y promuevan la búsqueda de ayuda en salud mental en este grupo poblacional.
Background: Self-perceived and exhibited stigma towards mental illnesses is a significant barrier to seeking mental health care, particularly among medical students who are exposed to high levels of academic stress and social pressure, increasing their vulnerability to mental disorders. Objective: To determine whether perceived and exhibited stigma related to mental illnesses constitutes a barrier to seeking psychological or psychiatric care among medical students at a university in Barranquilla, Colombia. Methodology: A descriptive and correlational cross-sectional study was conducted with 321 medical students enrolled at University of Barranquilla (Atl, CO). Data were collected using two validated instruments: the Self-Stigma of Seeking Help Scale (ABA), which assesses self-perceived stigma related to seeking professional help, and the Community Attitudes Towards Mental Illness (CAMI) Scale, which measures exhibited stigma in four dimensions (authoritarianism, benevolence, social restriction, and community ideology). Sociodemographic data (age, gender, socioeconomic status, academic semester) and the history of seeking mental health care were also collected. Data were analyzed using statistical tests such as t-tests, Chi-square tests, and linear discriminant analysis, with a significance level of p < 0.05. Results: A total of 47% of students reported having sought mental health care at some point, with a significantly higher prevalence among women (52%) compared to men (38%). Additionally, 15% of students reported having received specialized mental health treatment, with higher rates among women (19%) than men (9.4%). Regarding stigma, significant differences were found in exhibited attitudes. Men scored higher on the authoritarianism subscale (27.5 ± 4.8) compared to women (26.0 ± 4.2, p = 0.004), while women demonstrated greater benevolence towards individuals with mental disorders (40.8 ± 5.4 vs. 37.2 ± 7.2 for men, p < 0.001). Students with higher levels of self-stigma (ABA) showed a significant tendency to avoid seeking specialized mental health care. Additionally, discriminant analysis revealed that both perceived and exhibited stigma significantly influenced the decision to avoid seeking help. Conclusion: Self-perceived and exhibited stigma are significant barriers to seeking mental health care among medical students, particularly in men. These findings underscore the need for interventions aimed at reducing stigma and promoting mental health care-seeking behavior in this population.
Background: Self-perceived and exhibited stigma towards mental illnesses is a significant barrier to seeking mental health care, particularly among medical students who are exposed to high levels of academic stress and social pressure, increasing their vulnerability to mental disorders. Objective: To determine whether perceived and exhibited stigma related to mental illnesses constitutes a barrier to seeking psychological or psychiatric care among medical students at a university in Barranquilla, Colombia. Methodology: A descriptive and correlational cross-sectional study was conducted with 321 medical students enrolled at University of Barranquilla (Atl, CO). Data were collected using two validated instruments: the Self-Stigma of Seeking Help Scale (ABA), which assesses self-perceived stigma related to seeking professional help, and the Community Attitudes Towards Mental Illness (CAMI) Scale, which measures exhibited stigma in four dimensions (authoritarianism, benevolence, social restriction, and community ideology). Sociodemographic data (age, gender, socioeconomic status, academic semester) and the history of seeking mental health care were also collected. Data were analyzed using statistical tests such as t-tests, Chi-square tests, and linear discriminant analysis, with a significance level of p < 0.05. Results: A total of 47% of students reported having sought mental health care at some point, with a significantly higher prevalence among women (52%) compared to men (38%). Additionally, 15% of students reported having received specialized mental health treatment, with higher rates among women (19%) than men (9.4%). Regarding stigma, significant differences were found in exhibited attitudes. Men scored higher on the authoritarianism subscale (27.5 ± 4.8) compared to women (26.0 ± 4.2, p = 0.004), while women demonstrated greater benevolence towards individuals with mental disorders (40.8 ± 5.4 vs. 37.2 ± 7.2 for men, p < 0.001). Students with higher levels of self-stigma (ABA) showed a significant tendency to avoid seeking specialized mental health care. Additionally, discriminant analysis revealed that both perceived and exhibited stigma significantly influenced the decision to avoid seeking help. Conclusion: Self-perceived and exhibited stigma are significant barriers to seeking mental health care among medical students, particularly in men. These findings underscore the need for interventions aimed at reducing stigma and promoting mental health care-seeking behavior in this population.
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Palabras clave
Estigma, Salud mental, Búsqueda de ayuda, Estudiantes de medicina, Autoestigma