Análisis ergonómico de sistemas de trabajo en la tarea de armado de caja en una industria alimentaria: estudio de caso
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Fecha
2023
Autores
Mosquera Morales, Maria Mónica
Monsalvo Igirio, Andreina Paola
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Ediciones Universidad Simón Bolívar
Facultad de Ciencias de la Salud
Facultad de Ciencias de la Salud
Resumen
La ergonomía es una ciencia que busca la adaptación entre el trabajador, la
maquinaria, las herramientas y el ambiente físico de la jornada laboral, con la
finalidad de adecuar los puestos de trabajo a las características físicas y cognitivas
del trabajador. La Organización Internacional del Trabajo (OIT) estima que
alrededor de 160 millones de personas a nivel mundial sufren anualmente de
enfermedades relacionadas con la ocupación. Diariamente, un número excesivo de
personas mueren en el mundo a consecuencia de una enfermedad o un accidente
relacionado con el trabajo. Lo que conduce a una pérdida de días laborables muy
cercana al 4% del Producto Interno Bruto (PIB) mundial. Esto es, en gran parte,
debido a los cambios tecnológicos, sociales y económicos que han contribuido a la
creación de nuevos riesgos, o bien agudizando los ya existentes. El objetivo de este
estudio fue, realizar un análisis ergonómico de sistemas de trabajo en la tarea de
armado de caja en una industria alimentaria. La investigación se abordó como un
estudio observacional, descriptivo, de corte transversal, aplicado a un puesto de
trabajo que consiste en el armado de cajas. Para la evaluación ergonómica se utilizó
la metodología Ocra el cual permite, con menor esfuerzo, obtener un resultado
básico de valoración del riesgo por movimientos repetitivos de los miembros
superiores. Los resultados de este estudio arrojaron que los riesgos en el puesto de
trabajo de armado de cajas mediante la evaluación con el método CheckListOcra
son nivel alto No aceptable para ambos miembros superiores esto teniendo en
cuenta que las acciones técnicas y patrones posturales son similares y están
impactados por ciclos de trabajo continuos derivados del volumen de la producción.
A partir de los datos podemos concluir que existe una alta predisposición de
enfermedades de origen laboral relacionadas con los miembros superiores, por lo
que se hace necesario, tomar medidas inmediatas que propendan con la
disminución de los riesgos.
Ergonomics is a science that seeks the adaptation between the worker, the machinery, the tools and the physical environment of the working day, with the aim of adapting the jobs to the physical and cognitive characteristics of the worker. The International Labor Organization (ILO) estimates that around 160 million people worldwide suffer from occupation-related diseases annually. Every day, an excessive number of people die around the world as a result of a work-related illness or accident. Which leads to a loss of working days very close to 4% of the world's Gross Domestic Product (GDP). This is, in large part, due to technological, social and economic changes that have contributed to the creation of new risks, or exacerbating existing ones. The objective of this study was to carry out an ergonomic analysis of work systems in the task of box assembly in a food industry. The research was approached as an observational, descriptive, cross-sectional study, applied to a job that consists of assembling boxes. For the ergonomic evaluation, the Ocra methodology was used, which allows, with less effort, to obtain a basic result of risk assessment due to repetitive movements of the upper limbs. The results of this study showed that the risks in the box assembly workplace through the evaluation with the CheckListOcra method are a high level that is not acceptable for both upper limbs, taking into account that the technical actions and postural patterns are similar and are impacted. by continuous work cycles derived from the volume of production. From the data we can conclude that there is a high predisposition of occupational diseases related to the upper limbs, which is why it is necessary to take immediate measures to reduce the risks.
Ergonomics is a science that seeks the adaptation between the worker, the machinery, the tools and the physical environment of the working day, with the aim of adapting the jobs to the physical and cognitive characteristics of the worker. The International Labor Organization (ILO) estimates that around 160 million people worldwide suffer from occupation-related diseases annually. Every day, an excessive number of people die around the world as a result of a work-related illness or accident. Which leads to a loss of working days very close to 4% of the world's Gross Domestic Product (GDP). This is, in large part, due to technological, social and economic changes that have contributed to the creation of new risks, or exacerbating existing ones. The objective of this study was to carry out an ergonomic analysis of work systems in the task of box assembly in a food industry. The research was approached as an observational, descriptive, cross-sectional study, applied to a job that consists of assembling boxes. For the ergonomic evaluation, the Ocra methodology was used, which allows, with less effort, to obtain a basic result of risk assessment due to repetitive movements of the upper limbs. The results of this study showed that the risks in the box assembly workplace through the evaluation with the CheckListOcra method are a high level that is not acceptable for both upper limbs, taking into account that the technical actions and postural patterns are similar and are impacted. by continuous work cycles derived from the volume of production. From the data we can conclude that there is a high predisposition of occupational diseases related to the upper limbs, which is why it is necessary to take immediate measures to reduce the risks.
Descripción
Palabras clave
Evaluación ergonómica, Control postural, Sector privado, Ergonomic evaluation, Postural control, Private sector
