Relación entre finanzas conductuales y decisiones financieras en los estudiantes de la Institución Universitaria de Barranquilla – IUB
Cargando...
Fecha
2023
Autores
Vásquez Muñoz, Oscar Alberto
Título de la revista
ISSN de la revista
Título del volumen
Editor
Ediciones Universidad Simón Bolívar
Facultad de Administración y Negocios
Facultad de Administración y Negocios
Resumen
La Institución Universitaria de Barranquilla (IUB) acoge a beneficiarios de
programas del Gobierno Nacional Colombiano que cubren el 100% de la matrícula
y brindan apoyo de sostenimiento. Sin embargo, al observar a estos estudiantes,
se ha notado que su comportamiento financiero no es el esperado, con altas tasas
de deserción y muchos graduados que carecen de una comprensión clara de sus
finanzas.
Para comprender las razones detrás de las decisiones financieras de los
estudiantes, se ha focalizado en el campo de las finanzas conductuales y las
decisiones financieras. Se han planteado hipótesis con el objetivo de identificar la
relación entre estas dos variables y generar planes de acción que tengan un
impacto positivo en su comportamiento financiero.
Dentro de las fuentes de información utilizadas, se destacan teorías revisadas desde la primera teoría clásica de la economía de Herbert Simon, que parte del supuesto de que los individuos toman decisiones racionales en respuesta a estímulos económicos para maximizar sus utilidades. Otros autores, como Tversky y Kahneman, han creado la teoría prospectiva, mientras que Thaler ha hablado específicamente sobre finanzas conductuales, indicando que estas se basan en la idea de que las personas no siempre actúan de manera racional y que sus decisiones están influenciadas por factores como sesgos, heurísticos y decisiones financieras.
En cuanto a los sesgos, se refieren a la existencia de prejuicios que llevan a tomar decisiones sin tener en cuenta toda la información disponible, lo que puede llevar a una interpretación equivocada de la información. Algunos de los sesgos mencionados son la falacia del jugador, el comportamiento de rebaño, la aversión al riesgo, el exceso de confianza y la contabilidad mental. Por otro lado, los heurísticos son atajos mentales que se utilizan en situaciones inciertas y son estrategias y trucos que se utilizan para tomar decisiones de forma más sencilla y rápida. Algunos de los heurísticos mencionados son el de representatividad, disponibilidad y anclaje y ajuste.
Las decisiones financieras son inherentes al ser humano y están influenciadas por diversos procesos psicológicos. Algunos de estos procesos incluyen los conocimientos financieros, la cognición social, el miedo a la pérdida y el descuento futuro.
El objetivo general de esta investigación es determinar la influencia de las finanzas conductuales en las decisiones financieras de los estudiantes de la IUB, con el fin de comprender mejor cómo estos factores psicológicos afectan sus elecciones relacionadas con el dinero. Los objetivos específicos incluyen identificar los sesgos y heurísticos más determinantes en relación con los factores sociodemográficos de los estudiantes de pregrado de la IUB, determinar la relación entre las finanzas conductuales y la toma de decisiones financieras de los estudiantes de la IUB, y proponer estrategias fundamentadas en las finanzas conductuales para mejorar la toma de decisiones financieras de este grupo.
Se utilizó una metodología con enfoque cuantitativo, de tipo no experimental, transversal y descriptivo. Se aplicó una encuesta a 363 de los 1.984 estudiantes beneficiarios, la cual fue validada por expertos y se realizó un análisis de confiabilidad. La encuesta se distribuyó a través del correo electrónico y de forma presencial mediante teléfonos inteligentes al interior de la IUB. Los resultados fueron analizados mediante un análisis de correlación no paramétrico desde SPSS-29.
A partir de los resultados obtenidos, se proponen acciones enfocadas en fortalecer la educación financiera en la IUB, como la creación de un módulo académico con énfasis en temas de finanzas conductuales y educación financiera, la innovación a través de la educación continua con la creación de un modelo de impartir conocimiento MOOCs, y la promoción de colaboración con entidades financieras que tengan programas de educación financiera.
En conclusión, esta investigación ha permitido comprender mejor las razones detrás de las decisiones financieras de los estudiantes de la IUB, identificando los sesgos y heurísticos más determinantes y proponiendo estrategias para mejorar su toma de decisiones financieras. Sin embargo, es importante tener en cuenta las limitaciones del estudio, como la escasez de investigaciones implementadas en la ciudad de Barranquilla y las dificultades para recopilar información durante la pandemia del Covid-19. Se sugieren futuras líneas de investigación enfocadas en emprendedores y empresarios para asesorarlos en materia de finanzas conductuales y garantizar mejores resultados y el sostenimiento de sus empresas.
The University Institution of Barranquilla (IUB) welcomes beneficiaries of Colombian National Government programs that cover 100% of tuition and provide support for maintenance. However, when observing these students, it has been noted that their financial behavior is not as expected, with high dropout rates and many graduates lacking a clear understanding of their finances. To understand the reasons behind students' financial decisions, the field of behavioral finance and financial decisions has been focused on. Hypotheses have been put forward with the objective of identifying the relationship between these two variables and generating action plans that will have a positive impact on their financial behavior. Among the sources of information used, theories reviewed include the first classical theory of economics by Herbert Simon, which assumes that individuals make rational decisions in response to economic stimuli to maximize their profits. Other authors, such as Tversky and Kahneman, have created the prospect theory, while Thaler has spoken specifically about behavioral finance, indicating that these are based on the idea that people do not always act rationally and that their decisions are influenced by factors such as biases, heuristics, and financial decisions. As for biases, they refer to the existence of prejudices that lead to making decisions without considering all the available information, which can lead to a wrong interpretation of the information. Some of the biases mentioned are the gambler's fallacy, herd behavior, risk aversion, overconfidence, and mental accounting. On the other hand, heuristics are mental shortcuts used in uncertain situations and are strategies and tricks used to make decisions easier and faster. Some of the heuristics mentioned are representativeness, availability, and anchoring and adjustment. Financial decisions are inherently human and are influenced by various psychological processes. Some of these processes include financial literacy, social cognition, fear of loss, and future discounting. The general objective of this research is to determine the influence of behavioral finance on the financial decisions of IUB students to better understand how these psychological factors affect their money-related choices. Specific objectives include identifying the most determinant biases and heuristics in relation to sociodemographic factors of IUB undergraduate students, determining the relationship between behavioral finance and financial decision making of IUB students, and proposing strategies grounded in behavioral finance to improve financial decision making of this group. A quantitative, non-experimental, cross-sectional, and descriptive methodology was used. A survey was applied to 363 of the 1,984 beneficiary students, which was validated by experts and a reliability analysis was performed. The survey was distributed via email and in person via smartphones inside the IUB. The results were analyzed by means of a non-parametric correlation analysis using SPSS-29. Based on the results obtained, actions focused on strengthening financial education at IUB are proposed, such as the creation of an academic module with emphasis on behavioral finance and financial education, innovation through continuing education with the creation of a MOOCs knowledge delivery model, and the promotion of collaboration with financial institutions that have financial education programs. In conclusion, this research has provided a better understanding of the reasons behind the financial decisions of IUB students, identifying the most determinant biases and heuristics and proposing strategies to improve their financial decision making. However, it is important to consider the limitations of the study, such as the scarcity of research implemented in the city of Barranquilla and the difficulties in collecting information during the Covid-19 pandemic. Future lines of research focused on entrepreneurs and businessmen are suggested to advise them on behavioral finance and guarantee better results and the sustainability of their companies.
The University Institution of Barranquilla (IUB) welcomes beneficiaries of Colombian National Government programs that cover 100% of tuition and provide support for maintenance. However, when observing these students, it has been noted that their financial behavior is not as expected, with high dropout rates and many graduates lacking a clear understanding of their finances. To understand the reasons behind students' financial decisions, the field of behavioral finance and financial decisions has been focused on. Hypotheses have been put forward with the objective of identifying the relationship between these two variables and generating action plans that will have a positive impact on their financial behavior. Among the sources of information used, theories reviewed include the first classical theory of economics by Herbert Simon, which assumes that individuals make rational decisions in response to economic stimuli to maximize their profits. Other authors, such as Tversky and Kahneman, have created the prospect theory, while Thaler has spoken specifically about behavioral finance, indicating that these are based on the idea that people do not always act rationally and that their decisions are influenced by factors such as biases, heuristics, and financial decisions. As for biases, they refer to the existence of prejudices that lead to making decisions without considering all the available information, which can lead to a wrong interpretation of the information. Some of the biases mentioned are the gambler's fallacy, herd behavior, risk aversion, overconfidence, and mental accounting. On the other hand, heuristics are mental shortcuts used in uncertain situations and are strategies and tricks used to make decisions easier and faster. Some of the heuristics mentioned are representativeness, availability, and anchoring and adjustment. Financial decisions are inherently human and are influenced by various psychological processes. Some of these processes include financial literacy, social cognition, fear of loss, and future discounting. The general objective of this research is to determine the influence of behavioral finance on the financial decisions of IUB students to better understand how these psychological factors affect their money-related choices. Specific objectives include identifying the most determinant biases and heuristics in relation to sociodemographic factors of IUB undergraduate students, determining the relationship between behavioral finance and financial decision making of IUB students, and proposing strategies grounded in behavioral finance to improve financial decision making of this group. A quantitative, non-experimental, cross-sectional, and descriptive methodology was used. A survey was applied to 363 of the 1,984 beneficiary students, which was validated by experts and a reliability analysis was performed. The survey was distributed via email and in person via smartphones inside the IUB. The results were analyzed by means of a non-parametric correlation analysis using SPSS-29. Based on the results obtained, actions focused on strengthening financial education at IUB are proposed, such as the creation of an academic module with emphasis on behavioral finance and financial education, innovation through continuing education with the creation of a MOOCs knowledge delivery model, and the promotion of collaboration with financial institutions that have financial education programs. In conclusion, this research has provided a better understanding of the reasons behind the financial decisions of IUB students, identifying the most determinant biases and heuristics and proposing strategies to improve their financial decision making. However, it is important to consider the limitations of the study, such as the scarcity of research implemented in the city of Barranquilla and the difficulties in collecting information during the Covid-19 pandemic. Future lines of research focused on entrepreneurs and businessmen are suggested to advise them on behavioral finance and guarantee better results and the sustainability of their companies.
Descripción
Palabras clave
Finanzas conductuales, Decisiones financieras, Sesgos cognitivos, Heurísticos, Behavioral finance, Financial decisions, Cognitive biases, Heuristics
