El derecho digital desde la perspectiva penal y sus efectos jurídicos en Colombia
No hay miniatura disponible
Fecha
2025
Autores
Peñaranda Vargas, Dannys Esther
Título de la revista
ISSN de la revista
Título del volumen
Editor
Ediciones Universidad Simón Bolívar
Facultad de Ciencias Jurídicas y Sociales
Facultad de Ciencias Jurídicas y Sociales
Resumen
Antecedentes: La rápida evolución de las tecnologías de la información y la comunicación (TIC) y la expansión de la inteligencia artificial (IA) han transformado profundamente las dinámicas sociales, económicas y jurídicas, tanto globalmente como en Colombia. En este contexto surge el derecho digital como disciplina esencial para regular fenómenos en entornos virtuales, abarcando ciberseguridad, protección de datos y delitos informáticos. En Colombia, leyes como la 1273 de 2009 (delitos informáticos) y la 1581 de 2012 (protección de datos personales) representan avances, aunque persisten vacíos frente a los desafíos que plantea la IA, especialmente en materia penal y procesal.
Introducción: El derecho digital busca adaptar los principios tradicionales del derecho a los entornos digitales emergentes. La irrupción de la IA ha modificado procesos judiciales, administrativos y económicos, exigiendo marcos normativos que equilibren innovación y protección de derechos. En el ámbito penal, surgen interrogantes sobre autoría, responsabilidad, evidencia digital y garantías procesales. Objetivos: General: Analizar el marco jurídico colombiano vigente y emergente frente a los desafíos de la inteligencia artificial en el derecho digital. Específicos: Revisar la evolución del derecho digital en Colombia y su vínculo con la normativa penal. Analizar la pertinencia del marco legal colombiano sobre delitos digitales frente a la IA. Identificar implicaciones procesales en la obtención y valoración de evidencia digital. Método: Se aplicó un enfoque cualitativo, exploratorio y descriptivo mediante análisis documental e interpretativo de normas, jurisprudencia, artículos y políticas públicas. Se empleó el análisis de contenido y la comparación jurídica con experiencias internacionales, especialmente el AI Act de la Unión Europea y las directrices éticas de la UNESCO, identificando vacíos normativos y buenas prácticas aplicables al contexto colombiano. Resultados: Colombia carece de una legislación integral sobre IA. Existen vacíos en materia de responsabilidad penal y civil, pues no se definen criterios sobre quién responde ante daños ocasionados por sistemas automatizados: desarrollador, operador o empresa. La Ley 1581 de 2012 no contempla las particularidades del aprendizaje automático, ni el tratamiento masivo de datos, afectando derechos como la intimidad y la autodeterminación informativa. Asimismo, se evidenció la falta de mecanismos de supervisión y auditoría algorítmica, incrementando riesgos de sesgos y vulneraciones al debido proceso. El análisis comparado con el AI Act europeo sugiere que la clasificación de riesgos y la transparencia algorítmica son modelos útiles para fortalecer el marco jurídico nacional. Discusión: Los hallazgos coinciden con lo planteado por Duarte y Manrique (2021), quienes sostienen que la digitalización de la justicia requiere estructuras más transparentes y confiables. Igualmente, Crawford (2021) advierte que la IA no es neutral, pues refleja desigualdades sociales. Esta investigación confirma que la ausencia de regulación sobre sesgos algorítmicos en Colombia puede generar decisiones injustas y discriminatorias.
Conclusión: Colombia se encuentra en una etapa inicial respecto a la regulación de la inteligencia artificial. Es necesario establecer un marco normativo integral que combine innovación tecnológica, garantías procesales y mecanismos de control efectivos. Se propone fortalecer la capacidad institucional en ciberseguridad y derecho digital, actualizar la legislación sobre datos personales, crear organismos especializados de supervisión algorítmica e impulsar la formación interdisciplinaria de juristas en temas tecnológicos.
Background: The rapid evolution of information and communication technologies (ICT) and the expansion of artificial intelligence (AI) have profoundly transformed social, economic, and legal dynamics, both globally and in Colombia. In this context, digital law has emerged as an essential discipline for regulating phenomena in virtual environments, covering cybersecurity, data protection, and cybercrime. In Colombia, laws such as Law 1273 of 2009 (computer crimes) and Law 1581 of 2012 (personal data protection) represent progress, although gaps remain in the face of the challenges posed by AI, especially in criminal and procedural matters. Introduction: Digital law seeks to adapt traditional legal principles to emerging digital environments. The emergence of AI has changed judicial, administrative, and economic processes, requiring regulatory frameworks that balance innovation and the protection of rights. In the criminal sphere, questions arise about authorship, responsibility, digital evidence, and procedural guarantees. Objectives: General: Analyze the Colombian legal framework and new regulations addressing AI challenges in digital law. Specific: (a) Review the evolution of digital law and its relation to criminal law; (b) Analyze the national framework for digital crimes and its relevance to AI; (c) Identify procedural implications regarding digital evidence. Method: A qualitative, exploratory, and descriptive approach was applied through documentary and interpretive analysis of laws, jurisprudence, academic studies, and public policies. Comparative analysis with the EU’s AI Act and UNESCO’s ethical guidelines allowed identifying best practices adaptable to Colombia. Results: Colombia lacks comprehensive AI legislation. Current norms are fragmented and fail to establish liability, algorithmic transparency, or oversight mechanisms. The 2012 data protection law does not address machine learning or massive data processing. This absence increases risks of bias and rights violations. Adopting European models of risk classification and transparency could enhance the national legal framework and align it with international standards. Discussion: Discussion: The findings coincide with those of Duarte and Manrique (2021), who argue that the digitization of justice requires more transparent and reliable structures. Similarly, Crawford (2021) warns that AI is not neutral, as it reflects social inequalities. This research confirms that the absence of regulation on algorithmic biases in Colombia can lead to unfair and discriminatory decisions. Conclusion: Conclusion: Colombia is in the early stages of regulating artificial intelligence. It is necessary to establish a comprehensive regulatory framework that combines technological innovation, procedural safeguards, and effective control mechanisms. It is proposed to strengthen institutional capacity in cybersecurity and digital law, update legislation on personal data, create specialized algorithmic oversight bodies, and promote interdisciplinary training for lawyers in technological issues.
Background: The rapid evolution of information and communication technologies (ICT) and the expansion of artificial intelligence (AI) have profoundly transformed social, economic, and legal dynamics, both globally and in Colombia. In this context, digital law has emerged as an essential discipline for regulating phenomena in virtual environments, covering cybersecurity, data protection, and cybercrime. In Colombia, laws such as Law 1273 of 2009 (computer crimes) and Law 1581 of 2012 (personal data protection) represent progress, although gaps remain in the face of the challenges posed by AI, especially in criminal and procedural matters. Introduction: Digital law seeks to adapt traditional legal principles to emerging digital environments. The emergence of AI has changed judicial, administrative, and economic processes, requiring regulatory frameworks that balance innovation and the protection of rights. In the criminal sphere, questions arise about authorship, responsibility, digital evidence, and procedural guarantees. Objectives: General: Analyze the Colombian legal framework and new regulations addressing AI challenges in digital law. Specific: (a) Review the evolution of digital law and its relation to criminal law; (b) Analyze the national framework for digital crimes and its relevance to AI; (c) Identify procedural implications regarding digital evidence. Method: A qualitative, exploratory, and descriptive approach was applied through documentary and interpretive analysis of laws, jurisprudence, academic studies, and public policies. Comparative analysis with the EU’s AI Act and UNESCO’s ethical guidelines allowed identifying best practices adaptable to Colombia. Results: Colombia lacks comprehensive AI legislation. Current norms are fragmented and fail to establish liability, algorithmic transparency, or oversight mechanisms. The 2012 data protection law does not address machine learning or massive data processing. This absence increases risks of bias and rights violations. Adopting European models of risk classification and transparency could enhance the national legal framework and align it with international standards. Discussion: Discussion: The findings coincide with those of Duarte and Manrique (2021), who argue that the digitization of justice requires more transparent and reliable structures. Similarly, Crawford (2021) warns that AI is not neutral, as it reflects social inequalities. This research confirms that the absence of regulation on algorithmic biases in Colombia can lead to unfair and discriminatory decisions. Conclusion: Conclusion: Colombia is in the early stages of regulating artificial intelligence. It is necessary to establish a comprehensive regulatory framework that combines technological innovation, procedural safeguards, and effective control mechanisms. It is proposed to strengthen institutional capacity in cybersecurity and digital law, update legislation on personal data, create specialized algorithmic oversight bodies, and promote interdisciplinary training for lawyers in technological issues.
Descripción
Palabras clave
Derecho digital, Ética tecnológica, Inteligencia artificial, Legislación colombiana, Protección de datos, Responsabilidad penal