Calidad de sueño y síntomas osteomusculares en trabajadores
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Fecha
2020
Autores
Púa Carreazo, Steven
Oviedo Romero, Ana
Sánchez Torres, Yorleidys
Cáceres Amaya, Kimberly
Brochero León, Abel
Curiel Fuentes, Javier
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Ediciones Universidad Simón Bolívar
Facultad Ciencias de la Salud
Facultad Ciencias de la Salud
Resumen
Antecedentes: La relación entre la calidad de sueño y la presencia de síntomas osteomusculares es una problemática de interés especial del sector productivo, entendiendo que el ser humano utiliza al menos la tercera parte de su vida para dormir con patrones naturales de sueño que varían considerablemente entre persona y persona. Cabe destacar que el sueño es un proceso fisiológico restaurador esencial, durante este se secreta la hormona del crecimiento, se fortalece el sistema inmunológico y facilita la consolidación de la memoria de corto a largo plazo. Como es lógico, los trastornos del sueño se relacionan con un bajo nivel de concentración, lo que da lugar a una disminución del rendimiento laboral, a un incremento de la accidentabilidad y el absentismo. En ese orden de ideas, una revisión sistemática sobre los desórdenes endocrinos en trabajadores de turnos nocturnos reveló alteraciones en la producción de hormonas relacionadas con el ciclo circadiano, entre sus consecuencias afecta el periodo del sueño, observando diversas complicaciones en la salud y la calidad de vida de dichos trabajadores (3). Por otra parte, una de las consecuencias generadas por los trastornos del sueño son las molestias musculo esqueléticas, de hecho, estudios recientes indican una direccionalidad recíproca entre dolor crónico y el insomnio (4). De modo similar, un estudio realizado por Alföldi explica la presencia del dolor crónico de forma simultánea al insomnio en trabajadores. La NIOSH (Instituto Nacional para la Seguridad y Salud Ocupacional) define los desórdenes musculo esqueléticos como un grupo de condiciones que comprometen nervios, tendones, músculos y estructuras de soporte; según esta entidad, los desórdenes musculo esqueléticos representan una alta gamma de trastornos que pueden variar en gravedad desde síntomas leves periódicos a graves y crónicos, siendo más común la presencia del dolor crónico. Según Sørensen, el dolor musculo esquelético forma el grupo de diagnóstico más grande en la práctica general, representando el 14% de todas las consultas que realizan los pacientes. En su investigación Sørensen concluye que existe una clara asociación entre el dolor musculo esquelético y los trastornos del sueño (6). A su vez, la OMS expone los trastornos musculo esqueléticos como la principal causa de pérdida de la productividad en el trabajo. Un estudio realizado en los estados de la unión europea de manera directa sobre los trastornos musculo esqueléticos de origen laboral, encontró que, en Alemania, alrededor del 37% de todos los empleados informaron de la existencia de dolores dorsolumbares durante o después del trabajo y El 29% manifestó sufrir dolores de cuello/hombros y un 13% de brazos/manos asociados con movimientos repetitivos, posturas, uso de herramientas y manipulación de cargas. Por otra parte, en Colombia estos trastornos corresponden al principal grupo diagnóstico en procesos relacionados con la determinación de origen y pérdida de capacidad laboral, en el mismo estudio se afirmó que para el año 2005, Colombia presentó 23477 casos de desórdenes musculo esqueléticos siendo el 64.4% en hombres y el 35.6% en mujeres. Por consiguiente, la disminución de la productividad y el aumento de incapacidades temporales en el sector laboral se traducen en mayores costes a las empresas, de ahí que, se considera fundamental estudiar estos fenómenos, además de su repercusión en la calidad de vida de los trabajadores. Objetivos: Determinar los síntomas osteomusculares y la calidad del sueño en trabajadores de una empresa del sector industrial. Materiales y Métodos: Se realizó un estudio de corte transversal en 21 trabajadores pertenecientes a una empresa del sector industrial. Cada participante perteneciente a la muestra gestionó el cuestionario Nórdico estandarizado para la detección y análisis de síntomas musculoesqueléticos propuesto y verificado por Kuorinka que se utiliza para recopilar información sobre dolor, fatiga o malestar en diferentes partes del cuerpo. Adicionalmente se aplicó el ICSP (Índice de Calidad de Sueño de Pittsburgh), que consiste en un instrumento estándar para la medición de la calidad de sueño. Los datos fueron analizados en el paquete estadístico SPSS 31, el cual permitió determinar la reiteración de las variables estudiadas en relación a la calidad de sueño y los síntomas osteomusculares en los trabajadores. Resultados: Los trabajadores refirieron dormir 7 horas completas durante la noche en un 42,9%, seguido de 6 horas en un 38,1 % de ellos. El 81,0% manifestó no poder conciliar el sueño en la primera media hora una vez por semana, por su parte, un 47,6 % debido a tener que ir al sanitario una o dos veces a la semana, el 52,4% debido a toser o roncar ruidosamente una o dos veces a la semana, en su lugar, el 23,8% no logra conciliar el sueño tres o más veces por semana a causa de sentir frio. El Cuestionario Nórdico permitió determinar que el 47,6% de la población ha tenido molestias en los últimos 12 meses; de la misma forma, se pudo determinar que la percepción de molestias y dolor musculo esquelético en las manos/muñecas y espalda se presentaron en un 9,5% de los trabajadores, en ese mismo periodo de tiempo. Conclusiones: Se observa un alto porcentaje de la población trabajadora con dificultad para conciliar el sueño, así como también la prevalencia de síntomas osteomusculares en las regiones de la mano/muñeca y espalda que se presenta en los trabajadores que realizan actividades principalmente en el área operativa, lo que implica que, puede generar alteraciones en los procesos productivos de la empresa y en la calidad de vida de los trabajadores.
Background: The relationship between the quality of sleep and the presence of musculoskeletal symptoms is a problem of special interest in the productive sector, understanding that human beings use at least a third of their lives to sleep with natural sleep patterns that significantly affect person and person. It should be noted that sleep is an essential restorative physiological process, during which growth hormone is secreted, the immune system is strengthened and facilitates the consolidation of short-term to long-term memory. As is logical, sleep disorders are related to a low level of concentration, which leads to a decrease in work performance, an increase in accident rates and absenteeism . In that order of ideas, a systematic review on endocrine disorders in night shift workers see alterations in the production of hormones related to the circadian cycle, among its consequences affects the period of sleep, observing various complications in health and quality of life of these workers. On the other hand, one of the consequences generated by sleep disorders is musculoskeletal discomfort, in fact, recent studies indicate a reciprocal directionality between chronic pain and insomnia. Similarly, a study by Alföldi explains the presence of chronic pain simultaneously with insomnia in workers. The NIOSH (National Institute for Occupational Safety and Health) defines musculoskeletal disorders as a group of conditions that involve nerves, tendons, muscles, and supporting structures; According to this entity, musculoskeletal disorders represent a high range of disorders that can vary in severity from mild periodic symptoms to severe and chronic symptoms, the presence of chronic pain being more common According to Sørensen, musculoskeletal pain constitutes the largest diagnostic group in general practice, accounting for 14% of all patient consultations (6). In his research, Sørensen concludes that there is a clear association between musculoskeletal pain and sleep disorders. In turn, the WHO exposes musculoskeletal disorders as the main cause of loss of productivity at work . A study conducted directly in the European Union states on work-related musculoskeletal disorders found that, in Germany, around 37% of all employees reported back pain during or after work and 29% reported neck / shoulder pain and 13% arm / hand pain associated with repetitive movements, postures, use of tools, and load handling. On the other hand, in Colombia these disorders correspond to the main diagnostic group in processes related to the determination of origin and loss of work capacity, in the same study it was stated that for the year 2005, Colombia presented 23,477 cases of musculoskeletal disorders being 64, 4% in men and 35.6% in women. Consequently, the decrease in productivity and the increase in temporary disabilities in the labor sector translate into higher costs for companies, so it is considered essential to study these phenomena, in addition to their impact on the quality of life of workers. Objective: To determine the musculoskeletal symptoms and the quality of sleep in workers of a company in the industrial sector. Materials and Methods: A cross-sectional study was carried out in 21 workers belonging to a company in the industrial sector. Each participant belonging to the sample administered the standardized Nordic questionnaire for the detection and analysis of musculoskeletal symptoms proposed and verified by Kuorinka, which is used to collect information on pain, fatigue or discomfort in different parts of the body. Additionally, the ICSP (Pittsburgh Sleep Quality Index) was applied, which is a standard instrument for measuring sleep quality. The data were analyzed in the SPSS 31 statistical package, which allowed determining the reiteration of the variables studied in relation to the quality of sleep and the musculoskeletal symptoms in the workers. Results: Workers reported sleeping a full 7 hours at night in 42.9%, followed by 6 hours in 38.1% of them. 81.0% stated that they were unable to fall asleep in the first half hour once a week, for their part, 47.6% due to having to go to the toilet once or twice a week, 52.4% due to loud coughing or snoring once or twice a week, instead, 23.8% cannot fall asleep three or more times a week because of feeling cold. The Nordic Questionnaire will determine that 47.6% of the population has had discomfort in the last 12 months; Similarly, it was determined that the perception of musculoskeletal discomfort and pain in the hands / wrists and back was presented in 9.5% of the workers, in the same period of time. Conclusions: A high percentage of the working population with difficulty falling asleep is observed, as well as the prevalence of musculoskeletal symptoms in the hand / wrist regions and that occurs in workers who perform activities mainly in the operative area, which It implies that it can generate alterations in the productive processes of the company and in the quality of life of the workers.
Background: The relationship between the quality of sleep and the presence of musculoskeletal symptoms is a problem of special interest in the productive sector, understanding that human beings use at least a third of their lives to sleep with natural sleep patterns that significantly affect person and person. It should be noted that sleep is an essential restorative physiological process, during which growth hormone is secreted, the immune system is strengthened and facilitates the consolidation of short-term to long-term memory. As is logical, sleep disorders are related to a low level of concentration, which leads to a decrease in work performance, an increase in accident rates and absenteeism . In that order of ideas, a systematic review on endocrine disorders in night shift workers see alterations in the production of hormones related to the circadian cycle, among its consequences affects the period of sleep, observing various complications in health and quality of life of these workers. On the other hand, one of the consequences generated by sleep disorders is musculoskeletal discomfort, in fact, recent studies indicate a reciprocal directionality between chronic pain and insomnia. Similarly, a study by Alföldi explains the presence of chronic pain simultaneously with insomnia in workers. The NIOSH (National Institute for Occupational Safety and Health) defines musculoskeletal disorders as a group of conditions that involve nerves, tendons, muscles, and supporting structures; According to this entity, musculoskeletal disorders represent a high range of disorders that can vary in severity from mild periodic symptoms to severe and chronic symptoms, the presence of chronic pain being more common According to Sørensen, musculoskeletal pain constitutes the largest diagnostic group in general practice, accounting for 14% of all patient consultations (6). In his research, Sørensen concludes that there is a clear association between musculoskeletal pain and sleep disorders. In turn, the WHO exposes musculoskeletal disorders as the main cause of loss of productivity at work . A study conducted directly in the European Union states on work-related musculoskeletal disorders found that, in Germany, around 37% of all employees reported back pain during or after work and 29% reported neck / shoulder pain and 13% arm / hand pain associated with repetitive movements, postures, use of tools, and load handling. On the other hand, in Colombia these disorders correspond to the main diagnostic group in processes related to the determination of origin and loss of work capacity, in the same study it was stated that for the year 2005, Colombia presented 23,477 cases of musculoskeletal disorders being 64, 4% in men and 35.6% in women. Consequently, the decrease in productivity and the increase in temporary disabilities in the labor sector translate into higher costs for companies, so it is considered essential to study these phenomena, in addition to their impact on the quality of life of workers. Objective: To determine the musculoskeletal symptoms and the quality of sleep in workers of a company in the industrial sector. Materials and Methods: A cross-sectional study was carried out in 21 workers belonging to a company in the industrial sector. Each participant belonging to the sample administered the standardized Nordic questionnaire for the detection and analysis of musculoskeletal symptoms proposed and verified by Kuorinka, which is used to collect information on pain, fatigue or discomfort in different parts of the body. Additionally, the ICSP (Pittsburgh Sleep Quality Index) was applied, which is a standard instrument for measuring sleep quality. The data were analyzed in the SPSS 31 statistical package, which allowed determining the reiteration of the variables studied in relation to the quality of sleep and the musculoskeletal symptoms in the workers. Results: Workers reported sleeping a full 7 hours at night in 42.9%, followed by 6 hours in 38.1% of them. 81.0% stated that they were unable to fall asleep in the first half hour once a week, for their part, 47.6% due to having to go to the toilet once or twice a week, 52.4% due to loud coughing or snoring once or twice a week, instead, 23.8% cannot fall asleep three or more times a week because of feeling cold. The Nordic Questionnaire will determine that 47.6% of the population has had discomfort in the last 12 months; Similarly, it was determined that the perception of musculoskeletal discomfort and pain in the hands / wrists and back was presented in 9.5% of the workers, in the same period of time. Conclusions: A high percentage of the working population with difficulty falling asleep is observed, as well as the prevalence of musculoskeletal symptoms in the hand / wrist regions and that occurs in workers who perform activities mainly in the operative area, which It implies that it can generate alterations in the productive processes of the company and in the quality of life of the workers.
Descripción
Palabras clave
Salud laboral, Sueño, Sistema musculo esquelético