Patrones de funcionamiento ejecutivo y de teoría de la mente en niños con grados de severidad 1 y 2 del trastorno del espectro autista
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Fecha
2024
Autores
Rodríguez Corena, Erlis Aidee
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Ediciones Universidad Simón Bolívar
Facultad de Ciencias de la Salud
Facultad de Ciencias de la Salud
Resumen
El Trastorno del Espectro Autista (TEA) es un conjunto de alteraciones del neurodesarrollo que se manifiestan en dificultades significativas en la comunicación, interacción social y en la presencia de comportamientos, intereses o actividades restrictivas y repetitivas. Según el DSM-5, los TEA se caracterizan por déficits persistentes en la comunicación y la interacción social, incluyendo deficiencias en la reciprocidad socioemocional, las conductas comunicativas no verbales y en el desarrollo, mantenimiento y comprensión de relaciones. Estos déficits pueden ir desde fallos en la conversación normal hasta dificultades para iniciar o responder a interacciones sociales, anomalías en el contacto visual, lenguaje corporal, o falta total de expresión facial y comunicación no verbal. Además, los TEA presentan patrones restrictivos y repetitivos de comportamiento, como movimientos
estereotipados, insistencia en la monotonía, intereses altamente restringidos y reacciones inusuales a estímulos sensoriales.
La prevalencia del TEA ha mostrado un incremento notable en los últimos años. Según la Organización Mundial de la Salud, uno de cada 160 niños en el mundo posee un Trastorno del Espectro Autista, una condición que inicia en la niñez y persiste hasta la adultez, afectando significativamente la autonomía y calidad de vida de los individuos. Se estima que la prevalencia de TEA varía entre 10 a 27,2 por cada 10,000 niños entre 3 y 10 años. Las características más representativas del TEA incluyen déficits en la interacción social, comunicación restringida y comportamientos e intereses estereotipados. Los niños con TEA suelen mostrar poca motivación por relacionarse con los demás, evitar el contacto visual y pueden presentar comportamientos agresivos ante estímulos ambientales. Más del 50% de estos niños carecen de discurso útil y alrededor del 25% tienen problemas continuos con el lenguaje receptivo y expresivo, lo que los deja vulnerables a situaciones de rechazo social, especialmente en contextos escolares.
Autism Spectrum Disorder (ASD) is a set of neurodevelopmental disorders that manifest as significant difficulties in communication, social interaction, and the presence of restrictive and repetitive behaviors, interests, or activities. According to the DSM-5, ASD is characterized by persistent deficits in communication and social interaction, including impairments in social-emotional reciprocity, nonverbal communicative behaviors, and the development, maintenance, and understanding of relationships. These deficits can range from failures in normal conversation to difficulties initiating or responding to social interactions, abnormalities in eye contact, body language, or a total lack of facial expression and nonverbal communication. Additionally, ASD presents restrictive and repetitive patterns of behavior, such as stereotyped movements, insistence on sameness, highly restricted interests, and unusual reactions to sensory stimuli. The prevalence of ASD has shown a significant increase in recent years. According to the World Health Organization, one in 160 children worldwide has Autism Spectrum Disorder, a condition that begins in childhood and persists into adulthood, significantly affecting individuals' autonomy and quality of life. It is estimated that the prevalence of ASD varies between 10 to 27.2 per 10,000 children aged 3 to 10 years. The most representative characteristics of ASD include deficits in social interaction, restricted communication, and stereotyped behaviors and interests. Children with ASD often show little motivation to relate to others, avoid eye contact, and may exhibit aggressive behaviors in response to environmental stimuli. More than 50% of these children lack useful speech, and around 25% have ongoing problems with receptive and expressive language, leaving them vulnerable to social rejection, especially in school settings.
Autism Spectrum Disorder (ASD) is a set of neurodevelopmental disorders that manifest as significant difficulties in communication, social interaction, and the presence of restrictive and repetitive behaviors, interests, or activities. According to the DSM-5, ASD is characterized by persistent deficits in communication and social interaction, including impairments in social-emotional reciprocity, nonverbal communicative behaviors, and the development, maintenance, and understanding of relationships. These deficits can range from failures in normal conversation to difficulties initiating or responding to social interactions, abnormalities in eye contact, body language, or a total lack of facial expression and nonverbal communication. Additionally, ASD presents restrictive and repetitive patterns of behavior, such as stereotyped movements, insistence on sameness, highly restricted interests, and unusual reactions to sensory stimuli. The prevalence of ASD has shown a significant increase in recent years. According to the World Health Organization, one in 160 children worldwide has Autism Spectrum Disorder, a condition that begins in childhood and persists into adulthood, significantly affecting individuals' autonomy and quality of life. It is estimated that the prevalence of ASD varies between 10 to 27.2 per 10,000 children aged 3 to 10 years. The most representative characteristics of ASD include deficits in social interaction, restricted communication, and stereotyped behaviors and interests. Children with ASD often show little motivation to relate to others, avoid eye contact, and may exhibit aggressive behaviors in response to environmental stimuli. More than 50% of these children lack useful speech, and around 25% have ongoing problems with receptive and expressive language, leaving them vulnerable to social rejection, especially in school settings.
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Palabras clave
Trastorno del Espectro Autista (TEA), Funciones ejecutivas, Teoría de la mente, Cognición social
