Floraciones de Cianobacterias: impacto, técnicas de estudio y estrategias de mitigación: revisión
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Fecha
2024
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Ediciones Universidad Simón Bolívar
Facultad de Ciencias Básicas y Biomédicas
Facultad de Ciencias Básicas y Biomédicas
Resumen
Las cianobacterias, microorganismos fotosintetizadores aeróbicos con una historia
evolutiva de más de 3500 millones de años, representan una fusión única entre
bacterias Gram negativas y algas eucariotas. Su capacidad para realizar fotosíntesis
oxigénica y adaptarse a condiciones extremas las ha convertido en colonizadoras
exitosas de ecosistemas acuáticos globales. Sin embargo, las proliferaciones
excesivas de cianobacterias, conocidas como floraciones de algas nocivas (HABs),
constituyen una preocupación global significativa debido a su impacto negativo en
la pesca, la acuicultura y el suministro de agua potable.
Estas floraciones, impulsadas principalmente por la eutrofización debido al exceso
de nutrientes de actividades antropogénicas, facilitan la expansión de géneros
tóxicos como Microcystis, Oscillatoria y Planktothrix, capaces de producir
cianotoxinas como microcistinas, saxitoxinas y cilindrospermopsinas y que pueden
representar serios riesgos para la salud humana, provocando problemas hepáticos,
gastrointestinales, neurológicos, entre otros. La exposición a estas toxinas puede
ocurrir a través del contacto dérmico, la inhalación, la ingestión de agua
contaminada o alimentos que han estado en contacto con cianobacterias.
Estrategias como la reducción de cargas de fósforo y nitrógeno en cuerpos de agua,
mediante el control de fuentes agrícolas y urbanas, son esenciales para prevenir
futuras floraciones con capacidad de comprometer la salud pública y de los
ecosistemas. Además, los análisis espacio-temporales de la distribución y dinámica
de cianobacterias, pueden ser cruciales para la predicción y la gestión efectiva de
las floraciones.
Este artículo de revisión aborda estos temas y destaca la importancia de políticas
de uso seguro del agua y estrategias de mitigación para prevenir problemas
relacionados con las floraciones de cianobacterias, protegiendo así la salud pública
y la sostenibilidad de los ecosistemas acuáticos
Cyanobacteria, aerobic photosynthesizing microorganisms with an evolutionary history of more than 3.5 billion years, represent a unique fusion between Gramnegative bacteria and eukaryotic algae. Their ability to perform oxygenic photosynthesis and adapt to extreme conditions has made them successful colonizers of global aquatic ecosystems. However, excessive cyanobacterial blooms, known as harmful algal blooms (HABs), are a significant global concern due to their negative impact on fisheries, aquaculture and drinking water supplies. These blooms, driven mainly by eutrophication due to excess nutrients from anthropogenic activities, facilitate the expansion of toxic genera such as Microcystis, Oscillatoria and Planktothrix, capable of producing cyanotoxins such as microcystins, saxitoxins and cylindrospermopsins, which can pose serious risks to human health, causing liver, gastrointestinal and neurological problems, among others. Exposure to these toxins can occur through dermal contact, inhalation, ingestion of contaminated water or food that has been in contact with cyanobacteria. Strategies such as reducing phosphorus and nitrogen loads in water bodies by controlling agricultural and urban sources are essential to prevent future blooms with the potential to compromise public and ecosystem health. In addition, spatiotemporal analyses of cyanobacterial distribution and dynamics can be crucial for the prediction and effective management of blooms. This review article addresses these issues and highlights the importance of safe water use policies and mitigation strategies to prevent problems related to cyanobacterial blooms, thus protecting public health and the sustainability of aquatic ecosystems
Cyanobacteria, aerobic photosynthesizing microorganisms with an evolutionary history of more than 3.5 billion years, represent a unique fusion between Gramnegative bacteria and eukaryotic algae. Their ability to perform oxygenic photosynthesis and adapt to extreme conditions has made them successful colonizers of global aquatic ecosystems. However, excessive cyanobacterial blooms, known as harmful algal blooms (HABs), are a significant global concern due to their negative impact on fisheries, aquaculture and drinking water supplies. These blooms, driven mainly by eutrophication due to excess nutrients from anthropogenic activities, facilitate the expansion of toxic genera such as Microcystis, Oscillatoria and Planktothrix, capable of producing cyanotoxins such as microcystins, saxitoxins and cylindrospermopsins, which can pose serious risks to human health, causing liver, gastrointestinal and neurological problems, among others. Exposure to these toxins can occur through dermal contact, inhalation, ingestion of contaminated water or food that has been in contact with cyanobacteria. Strategies such as reducing phosphorus and nitrogen loads in water bodies by controlling agricultural and urban sources are essential to prevent future blooms with the potential to compromise public and ecosystem health. In addition, spatiotemporal analyses of cyanobacterial distribution and dynamics can be crucial for the prediction and effective management of blooms. This review article addresses these issues and highlights the importance of safe water use policies and mitigation strategies to prevent problems related to cyanobacterial blooms, thus protecting public health and the sustainability of aquatic ecosystems
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Palabras clave
Cianotoxinas, Cambio climático, Gestión hídrica, Salud pública
