Factores de riesgo asociados a la infección de VIH en gestantes
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Fecha
2020-12
Autores
Benavides, Roberto Carlos
Sevillano, Sergio Andrés
Herrera, Andrea Carolina
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Ediciones Universidad Simón Bolívar
Facultad de Ciencias de la Salud
Facultad de Ciencias de la Salud
Resumen
El virus de la inmunodeficiencia humana, más conocido como VIH, es un virus el cual infecta a las células linfocitarias que presentan el receptor CD4, dichas células pertenecen al sistema inmunitario y la infección por el virus altera toda la función de estas mismas y causa su muerte. De acuerdo a la OMS, el síndrome de la inmunodeficiencia adquirida (SIDA) se instaura cuando el sistema inmune se encuentra totalmente deficiente y es un término que se le atribuye a los estadios más avanzados de la infección por VIH. La transmisión del VIH puede darse a través de relaciones sexuales con una persona infectada, transfusiones de sangre, instrumentos punzantes y de madre a hijo durante el embarazo o lactancia. La infección de VIH en gestantes es una situación grave que afecta a miles de mujeres y a sus hijos en todo el mundo, ya que estas los pueden infectar durante el embarazo, el parto o la lactancia si no se tiene un manejo adecuado. La mayoría de los casos en niños se debe a infección vertical. Este estudio tuvo por objetivo determinar cuáles son los factores de riesgo asociados a la infección de VIH en gestantes en los últimos diez años, siendo este un estudio de tipo revisión bibliográfica, que encontró que factores como el diagnóstico tardío, la falta de profilaxis durante el período prenatal, situación socioeconómica, marco cultural, falta de control prenatal, poco conocimiento sobre la prevención, transmisión e infección del VIH y una baja aceptación de los métodos tradicionales utilizados para su prevención se enmarcan como los factores de riesgo más graves para que se presente dicho tipo de transmisión. Por ende, se evidencia la clara y urgente necesidad de enfocar el gasto social con el fin de reducir las desigualdades sociales que existen a nivel de educación y al sistema de salud para posibilitar y potenciar las acciones de promoción y prevención de la enfermedad lo cual es algo
indispensable para disminuir incidencia del VIH/SIDA y su aparición durante la etapa gestacional y posterior paso, a través de madres, a sus hijos.
The human immunodeficiency virus, better known as HIV, is a virus which infects lymphocyte cells that present the CD4 receptor, these cells belong to the immune system and infection by the virus alters all their function and causes their Death. According to the WHO, the acquired immunodeficiency syndrome (AIDS) is established when the immune system is totally deficient and it is a term that is attributed to the most advanced stages of HIV infection. HIV transmission can occur through sexual intercourse with an infected person, blood transfusions, sharp instruments, and from mother to child during pregnancy or while breastfeeding. HIV infection in pregnant women is a serious situation that affects thousands of women and their children around the world, since they can infect during pregnancy, childbirth or breastfeeding if not properly managed. Most cases in children are due to vertical infection. The objective of this study was to determine the last risk factors associated with HIV infection in pregnant women in the ten years, this being a study of a bibliographic review type, which found that factors such as late diagnosis, lack of prophylaxis during the period prenatal care, socioeconomic situation, cultural setting, lack of prenatal control, little knowledge about the prevention, transmission and infection of HIV and a low acceptance of the traditional methods used for its prevention are framed as the most serious risk factors for this type of transmission. Therefore, there is a clear and urgent need to focus social spending in order to reduce social inequalities that exist at the level of education and the health system to enable and enhance actions to promote and prevent the disease, which is something essential to reduce the incidence of HIV / AIDS and its appearance during the gestational stage and subsequent passage, through mothers, to their children.
The human immunodeficiency virus, better known as HIV, is a virus which infects lymphocyte cells that present the CD4 receptor, these cells belong to the immune system and infection by the virus alters all their function and causes their Death. According to the WHO, the acquired immunodeficiency syndrome (AIDS) is established when the immune system is totally deficient and it is a term that is attributed to the most advanced stages of HIV infection. HIV transmission can occur through sexual intercourse with an infected person, blood transfusions, sharp instruments, and from mother to child during pregnancy or while breastfeeding. HIV infection in pregnant women is a serious situation that affects thousands of women and their children around the world, since they can infect during pregnancy, childbirth or breastfeeding if not properly managed. Most cases in children are due to vertical infection. The objective of this study was to determine the last risk factors associated with HIV infection in pregnant women in the ten years, this being a study of a bibliographic review type, which found that factors such as late diagnosis, lack of prophylaxis during the period prenatal care, socioeconomic situation, cultural setting, lack of prenatal control, little knowledge about the prevention, transmission and infection of HIV and a low acceptance of the traditional methods used for its prevention are framed as the most serious risk factors for this type of transmission. Therefore, there is a clear and urgent need to focus social spending in order to reduce social inequalities that exist at the level of education and the health system to enable and enhance actions to promote and prevent the disease, which is something essential to reduce the incidence of HIV / AIDS and its appearance during the gestational stage and subsequent passage, through mothers, to their children.
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Palabras clave
VIH, Transmisión vertical, Madre-Hijo, ITS, Factores de riesgo, HIV, Vertical transmission, Mother-Fetal, STI, Risk factors