Obesidad Infantil: Un problema de pequeños que se está volviendo grande
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Fecha
2019
Autores
Chacín, Maricarmen
Carrillo, Sandra
Rodríguez, Johel E.
Salazar, Juan
Rojas, Joselyn
Añez, Roberto
Angarita, Lissé
Chaparro, Yudy
Martínez, Magda
Anderson, Hazel
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Cooperativa servicios y suministros 212518 RS
Resumen
La obesidad es una enfermedad crónica de comportamiento epidemiológico complejo
que se origina de la interacción entre factores genéticos y ambientales, entre los que destacan los patrones de alimentación y el consumo calórico diario, así como el grado de actividad física. Según la Organización Mundial para la Salud (OMS), la obesidad se define como una
acumulación anormal y excesiva de grasa corporal. Para el diagnóstico de esta condición en niños y adolescentes se utilizan tablas diseñadas por la OMS que definen a un individuo con sobrepeso como aquel con un IMC superior al percentil 85 pero inferior al percentil 95, y con obesidad aquellos individuos con un IMC por encima del percentil 95 para una edad y sexo específicos. La prevalencia de sobrepeso y obesidad en niños está en aumento en muchos países del orbe y pesar de ser un problema que ha sido estudiado sistemáticamente desde hace más de 40 años aún está lejos de ser resuelto, y contrariamente a lo que se cree, su mayor crecimiento e impacto está ocurriendo en los países pobres y en vías de desarrollo, así, en el ámbito mundial para el año 2018 el número de niños menores de 5 años con sobrepeso era de 38 millones,
de los cuales, 27.2 millones vivían en Asia y África. Actualmente en las Américas 5.6 millones de niños son portadores de sobrepeso u obesidad, los cuales coexisten con un número aún importante de niños con desnutrición lo cual se conoce como “doble carga de la malnutrición y obesidad”, un hecho que forma parte del fenómeno de la transición nutricional. En Colombia la última encuesta nacional de nutrición ha reportado una prevalencia de exceso de peso de un 6.3% en niños menores de 5 años, un 24.4% en escolares y un 17.9% en adolescentes. Por su parte, en el Norte de Santander los estudios realizados sobre obesidad infantil son muy escasos y con tamaños de muestra reducidos, reportando que la prevalencia de sobrepeso se encuentra en un 23% y la de obesidad en un 17%, cifras que deben llamar la atención para la realización de estudios controlados y con marcos muestrales apropiados.
Obesity is a chronic disease with a complex epidemiological behaviour originated from the interaction between genetic and environmental factors, among which are the patterns of diet and daily caloric consumption, as well as the degree of physical activity. According to the World Health Organization (WHO), obesity is defined as an abnormal and excessive accumulation of body fat. For the diagnosis of this condition in children and adolescents, tables designed by the WHO define overweight as a BMI higher than the 85th percentile but lower than the 95th percentile, and obesity as those individuals with a BMI above of the 95th percentile for a specific age and sex. Overweight and childhood obesity is rising in many countries, and despite being a problem systematically studied for more than 40 years, it is still far from being solved. Contrary to generalised believing, the most significant impact in terms of prevalence is occurring in both poor and low-income countries. Thus, -in a global scope for 2018, the number of children with obesity under five years old was 38 million, of which 27.2 million lived in Asia and Africa. Currently, 5.6 million children are carriers of overweight or obesity in the Americas coexisting with a significant number of children with malnutrition as a part of the nutritional transition phenomenon. In Colombia, the latest national nutrition survey has reported 6.3% and an overall prevalence of “weight-excess” (Obesity + overweight) in children less than five years, 24.4% in schoolchildren and 17.9% in adolescents. On the other hand, in the North of Santander, studies on childhood obesity are both very scarce and with small sample sizes, reporting an overweight and obesity prevalence of 23% and 17% respectively, a landscape that should be a call of attention for conducting more controlled studies with an appropriate sampling frame.
Obesity is a chronic disease with a complex epidemiological behaviour originated from the interaction between genetic and environmental factors, among which are the patterns of diet and daily caloric consumption, as well as the degree of physical activity. According to the World Health Organization (WHO), obesity is defined as an abnormal and excessive accumulation of body fat. For the diagnosis of this condition in children and adolescents, tables designed by the WHO define overweight as a BMI higher than the 85th percentile but lower than the 95th percentile, and obesity as those individuals with a BMI above of the 95th percentile for a specific age and sex. Overweight and childhood obesity is rising in many countries, and despite being a problem systematically studied for more than 40 years, it is still far from being solved. Contrary to generalised believing, the most significant impact in terms of prevalence is occurring in both poor and low-income countries. Thus, -in a global scope for 2018, the number of children with obesity under five years old was 38 million, of which 27.2 million lived in Asia and Africa. Currently, 5.6 million children are carriers of overweight or obesity in the Americas coexisting with a significant number of children with malnutrition as a part of the nutritional transition phenomenon. In Colombia, the latest national nutrition survey has reported 6.3% and an overall prevalence of “weight-excess” (Obesity + overweight) in children less than five years, 24.4% in schoolchildren and 17.9% in adolescents. On the other hand, in the North of Santander, studies on childhood obesity are both very scarce and with small sample sizes, reporting an overweight and obesity prevalence of 23% and 17% respectively, a landscape that should be a call of attention for conducting more controlled studies with an appropriate sampling frame.
Descripción
Palabras clave
Obesidad, Sobrepeso, Malnutrición infantil, Síndrome metabólico, Diabetes, Obesity, Overweight, Infant Malnutrition, Metabolic Syndrome