Examinando por Autor "Nava, Manuel"
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Ítem Advanced Glycation End Products: New Clinical and Molecular Perspectives(MDPI, 2021) Salazar, Juan; Navarro, Carla; Ortega, Ángel; Nava, Manuel; Morillo, Daniela; Torres, Wheeler; Hernández, Marlon; Cabrera, Mayela; Angarita, Lissé; Ortiz, Rina; Chacín, Maricarmen; D'Marco, Luis; Bermúdez, ValmoreDiabetes mellitus (DM) is considered one of the most massive epidemics of the twenty-first century due to its high mortality rates caused mainly due to its complications; therefore, the early identification of such complications becomes a race against time to establish a prompt diagnosis. The research of complications of DM over the years has allowed the development of numerous alternatives for diagnosis. Among these emerge the quantification of advanced glycation end products (AGEs) given their increased levels due to chronic hyperglycemia, while also being related to the induction of different stress-associated cellular responses and proinflammatory mechanisms involved in the progression of chronic complications of DM. Additionally, the investigation for more valuable and safe techniques has led to developing a newer, noninvasive, and effective tool, termed skin fluorescence (SAF). Hence, this study aimed to establish an update about the molecular mechanisms induced by AGEs during the evolution of chronic complications of DM and describe the newer measurement techniques available, highlighting SAF as a possible tool to measure the risk of developing DM chronic complications.Ítem Age-specific waist circumference cutoff-points for abdominal obesity diagnosis: a personalized strategy for a large Venezuelan population(Springer, 2021) Bermudez, Valmore; Salazar, Juan; Martínez, María Sofía; Olivar, Luis Carlos; Nava, Manuel; Rojas, Milagros; Ortega, Ángel; Añez. Roberto; Toledo, Alexandra; Rojas, Joselyn; Chacín, Maricarmen; Rodríguez, Johel E.; D'Marco, Luis; Cano, ClímacoBackground Evidence shows that the ageing process is a determining factor in fat distribution, composition, and functionality. The goal of this research was to determine cut-off points for waist circumference according to age in the adult population from Maracaibo city, Venezuela. Methodology The Metabolic Syndrome Prevalence Study is a descriptive, cross-sectional study with multi-stage randomized sampling. In this post-hoc analysis 1902 individuals ≥18 years and from both sexes were evaluated. Waist circumference ROC curves were built for each age group and sex, using metabolic phenotypes for classification. Results 52.2% (n = 992) were women, and the mean age was 38.7 ± 2. Cut-off points obtained for the <30 years age group were: 91 cm for women (Sensitivity: 96,8%, Specificity: 97,7%) and 94 cm for men (Sensitivity:100%, Specificity: 99,2%); for 30–49 years: women 94 cm (Sensitivity: 93.7%, Specificity: 97.1%) and men 95 cm (Sensitivity: 97.3%, Specificity: 100%); for ≥50 years: women 94 cm (Sensitivity: 91.8%, Specificity: 86.7%) and men 101 cm (Sensitivity: 100%, Specificity: 100%) Conclusion The use of specific cut-off points according to age groups is proposed to determine abdominal obesity in Maracaibo city due to the underestimation seen in young people and the overestimation observed in older people when using a unique cut-off point.Ítem Alzheimer’s disease and type 2 diabetes mellitus: Pathophysiologic and pharmacotherapeutics links(Baishideng Publishing Group Inc, 2021) Rojas, Milagros; Chávez-Castillo, Mervin; Ba, Jordan; Ortega, Ángel; Nava, Manuel; Salazar, Juan; Díaz-Camargo, Edgar; Rojas-Quintero, Joselyn; Bermúdez, ValmoreAt present, Alzheimer’s disease (AD) and type 2 diabetes mellitus (T2DM) are two highly prevalent disorders worldwide, especially among elderly individuals. T2DM appears to be associated with cognitive dysfunction, with a higher risk of developing neurocognitive disorders, including AD. These diseases have been observed to share various pathophysiological mechanisms, including alterations in insulin signaling, defects in glucose transporters (GLUTs), and mitochondrial dysfunctions in the brain. Therefore, the aim of this review is to summarize the current knowledge regarding the molecular mechanisms implicated in the association of these pathologies as well as recent therapeutic alternatives. In this context, the hyperphosphorylation of tau and the formation of neurofibrillary tangles have been associated with the dysfunction of the phosphatidylinositol 3-kinase and mitogen-activated protein kinase pathways in the nervous tissues as well as the decrease in the expression of GLUT-1 and GLUT-3 in the different areas of the brain, increase in reactive oxygen species, and production of mitochondrial alterations that occur in T2DM. These findings have contributed to the implementation of overlapping pharmacological interventions based on the use of insulin and antidiabetic drugs, or, more recently, azeliragon, amylin, among others, which have shown possible beneficial effects in diabetic patients diagnosed with AD.Ítem Análisis clínico-epidemiológico de las subfracciones HDL2 y HDL3 en adultos de la ciudad de Maracaibo, Venezuela(Instituto Nacional de Salud. Lima, Perú, 2020) Linares, Sergia; Bermúdez, Valmore; Salazar, Juan; Nava, Manuel; Ortega, Ángel; Olivar, Luis; Calvo, María; Martínez, María Sofía; Morales-Carrasco, Alex; Chacín, Maricarmen; Rojas, JoselynObjetivo: Realizar un análisis clínico-epidemiológico de las subfracciones de colesterol unido a lipoproteinas de alta densidad (HDL-C, por sus siglas en inglés) en adultos de la ciudad de Maracaibo, Venezuela. Materiales y métodos: Se realizó un estudio descriptivo y transversal de la base de datos del Estudio de Prevalencia de Síndrome Metabólico de Maracaibo, que incluyó 359 individuos de ambos sexos, mayores de 18 años, a quienes se les determinó la concentración sérica de HDL3 y HDL2, así como el índice HDL2/ HDL3; evaluando sus niveles según características sociodemográficas, clínicas y bioquímicas. Resultados: La edad promedio de la población era 39,4 ± 15,2 años, y 51,5% era de sexo femenino. Solo se observaron diferencias en los niveles de HDL-C en aquellos sujetos con HDL-C bajas. Las mujeres con hipertriacilgliceridemia mostraron concentraciones séricas de HDL3 y HDL2 significativamente menores con respecto a aquellas con triacilglicéridos normales (p = 0,033); asimismo, se encontró una concentración menor de HDL3 y relación HDL2/HDL3 en aquellas con proteína C reactiva ultrasensible (PCR-us) elevada (p < 0,001). En hombres, se evidenció una concentración significativamente menor de HDL2 en aquellos con algún grado de hipertensión arterial (p = 0,031), insulinorresistencia (p = 0,050) y síndrome metabólico (p = 0,003); mientras que aquellos con PCR-us elevada mostraron una menor concentración de HDL3 (p = 0,011). Conclusión: Las subfracciones de HDL-C muestran un comportamiento clínico epidemiológico variable en adultos de la población de Maracaibo, con promedios más bajos en los hombres, diferencias en los niveles únicamente en aquellos con HDL-C bajas, y sin predominio de alguna subclase según las características sociodemográficas, clínicas y bioquímicas.Ítem Depression as a Neuroendocrine Disorder: Emerging Neuropsychopharmacological Approaches beyond Monoamines(Hindawi, 2019) Chávez-Castillo, Mervin; Núñez, Victoria; Nava, Manuel; Ortega, Ángel; Rojas, Milagros; Bermúdez, Valmore; Rojas-Quintero, JoselynDepression is currently recognized as a crucial problem in everyday clinical practice, in light of ever-increasing rates of prevalence, as well as disability, morbidity, and mortality related to this disorder. Currently available antidepressant drugs are notoriously problematic, with suboptimal remission rates and troubling side-effect profiles. Their mechanisms of action focus on the monoamine hypothesis for depression, which centers on the disruption of serotonergic, noradrenergic, and dopaminergic neurotransmission in the brain. Nevertheless, views on the pathophysiology of depression have evolved notably, and the comprehension of depression as a complex neuroendocrine disorder with important systemic implications has sparked interest in a myriad of novel neuropsychopharmacological approaches. Innovative pharmacological targets beyond monoamines include glutamatergic and GABAergic neurotransmission, brain-derived neurotrophic factor, various endocrine axes, as well as several neurosteroids, neuropeptides, opioids, endocannabinoids and endovanilloids. This review summarizes current knowledge on these pharmacological targets and their potential utility in the clinical management of depression.Ítem Diagnostic criteria and management of metabolic syndrome: Evolution overtime(Saber UCV, Universidad Central de Venezuela, 2020) Rojas, Edward; Castro, Ana; Manzano, Alexander; Suarez, Maria Karina; Lameda, Victor; Carrasquero, Ruben; Nava, Manuel; Bermúdez, ValmoreThe beginnings of the Metabolic Syndrome (MetS) as a suspected, not yet recognized entity can be traced back to 1923 when a study concerning a particularly common clustering of metabolic entities observed in diabetic patients was first published. Years of research and endless debate yielded the currently accepted MetS definition and diagnostic criteria, even if some components and their cut-off points are still up for discussion. To date, MetS are defined as a clustering of metabolic risk factors that greatly increase the incidence of cardiovascular disease (CVD) and type 2 diabetes (T2D), while also being closely related to various potentially deadly comorbidities. Furthermore, since early detection and management of MetS have been shown to decrease the risk for CVD and T2D, current research has focused on unifying diagnostic criteria and proposing novel parameters to facilitate MetS identification, while also promoting a healthy lifestyle as a preventive measure. With a deeper understanding of MetS pathophysiology comes the broadening of therapeutic targets open for study, thus expanding and enhancing the treatment methods currently in use. This review aims to summarize the evolution of MetS as a concept, development of the diagnostic criteria, current management, and future directions.Ítem En busqueda del hipnótico ideal: tratamiento farmacológico del insomnio(Sociedad Venezolana de Farmacología Clínica y Terapéutica, 2017) Chávez, Mervin; Nava, Manuel; Palmar, Jim; Martínez, María Sofía; Graterol Rivas, Modesto; Contreras, Julio; Hernández, Juan Diego; Bermúdez, ValmoreEl insomnio es un trastorno del sueño caracterizado por dificultad para la conciliación o mantenimiento del sueño, por disminución del tiempo, fragmentación o mala calidad del sueño, y sensación de cansancio al día siguiente. Se trata de un problema con gran prevalencia en países industrializados y representa uno de los motivos de consulta más frecuente en atención primaria. Su terapéutica incluye medidas farmacológicas y no farmacológicas. Las drogas hipnóticas incluyen un amplio rango de moléculas, como benzodiacepinas, compuestos Z, antidepresivos, antihistamínicos, entre otros, cada una con propiedades farmacodinámicas y farmacocinéticas particulares. Basada en evidencia clínica-epidemiológica, esta revisión discute la eficacia y seguridad de los fármacos hipnóticos, con el objetivo de establecer el prototipo de hipnótico ideal para cada tipo de insomnio, considerando las necesidades o condiciones del paciente.Ítem Etelcalcetide and Paricalcitol in Chronic Kidney Disease: When the Target Is Inflammation(MDPI, 2022) D’Marco, Luis; Checa-Ros, Ana; Gamero, Dionilux; Soto, Carlos; Salazar, Juan; Nava, Manuel; Bermúdez, Valmore; Dapana, FabiolaIntroduction: secondary hyperparathyroidism (SHP) is frequent in patients with chronic kidney disease (CKD), particularly in those in dialysis. To treat this complication, the current options available include phosphorus restriction, phosphate binders, the inhibition of parathyroid hormone (PTH) synthesis and secretion by the supplementation of vitamin D or VDR activators, or the use of calcimimetics. Beyond the control of PTH, the effects of the treatment of SHP on other biomarkers of risk may represent an additional benefit for this population. In this study, we explore the benefits of current SHP treatment options, mainly paricalcitol and/or etelcalcetide in the inflammatory state of hemodialysis (HD) patients. Results: the study finally included 142 maintenance HD patients (5 patients were excluded) followed for 6 months (dialysis vintage 26 30 months, mean age 70 years old, 73% women, 81% Spanish white, 47% diabetic). In this case, 52 patients were on regular treatment with paricalcitol for SHP and 25 patients were eligible to initiate etelcalcetide. The baseline serum levels of Ca, P, PTH, Ferritin, albumin, C-reactive protein (CRP), and other variables were measured. We found serum PTH levels showed an improvement after the treatment with etelcalcetide again paricalcitol and no treatment (p < 0.04). Of note, serum levels of CRP were significantly lower in a small group of patients (n = 11) receiving paricalcitol + etelcalcetide compared to paricalcitol or etelcalcetide alone. The proportion of patients with CRP within target ranges ( 1.0 mg/dL) increased significantly after combined treatment (p < 0.001). Conclusions: etelcalcetide proved to safely reduce the PTH levels without significant adverse events and the possibility of a synergic anti-inflammatory effect with the simultaneous use of Paricalcitol in HD patients.Ítem Hypertension, emotions and happiness: A brief view from the biology to the positive psychology(Saber UCV, Universidad Central de Venezuela, 2022) Bautista-Sandoval, María; Chacín, Maricarmen; Chaparro-Suárez, Yudy; Riaño-Garzón, Manuel E; Díaz-Camargo, Edgar Alexis; Duran, Pablo; Parra, Heliana; Castro, Ana; Nava, Manuel; Medina Ortiez, Oscar; D’Marco, Luis; Rojas, Edward; Bermúdez, ValmoreHigh blood pressure (HBP) is a silent disease with an extremely high prevalence worldwide. It is considered the leading risk factor for cardiovascular (CVD) and neurovascular disorders. The etiology of hypertension is based on various genetic, environmental, and social factors. Currently, compelling evidence points to the link between HBP and certain psycho-emotional factors, such as mental stability, happiness, general well-being, and fulfillment, all consistently associated with better physical and psychological health. Clinical and epidemiological evidence supports their value as a novel target in HBP management despite the lack of clarity concerning how psycho-emotional and affective states affect cardiovascular health. Among the main psycho-emotional strategies implemented to treat HBP and other CVD patients, emphasis should be placed on psychosocial interventions and positive psychology, which have shown promising results in this regard thus far. Therefore, this review aims to comprehensively determine whether an individual’s psychosocial and emotional state can be an HBP risk factor.Ítem Is “Leptin Resistance” Another Key Resistance to Manage Type 2 Diabetes?(Bentham Science Publishers, 2020) Salazar, Juan; Chávez-Castillo, Mervin; Rojas, Joselyn; Ortega, Ángel; Nava, Manuel; Pérez, José; Rojas, Milagros; Espinoza, Cristobal; Chacín, Maricarmen; Herazo, Yaneth; Angarita, Lissé; Rojas, Diana Marcela; D'Marco, Luis; Bermúdez, ValmoreAlthough novel pharmacological options for the treatment of type 2 diabetes mellitus (DM2) have been observed to modulate the functionality of several key organs in glucose homeostasis, successful regulation of insulin resistance (IR), body weight management, and pharmacological treatment of obesity remain notable problems in endocrinology. Leptin may be a pivotal player in this scenario, as an adipokine which centrally regulates appetite and energy balance. In obesity, excessive caloric intake promotes a low-grade inflammatory response, which leads to dysregulations in lipid storage and adipokine secretion. In turn, these entail alterations in leptin sensitivity, leptin transport across the blood-brain barrier and defects in post-receptor signaling. Furthermore, hypothalamic inflammation and endoplasmic reticulum stress may increase the expression of molecules which may disrupt leptin signaling. Abundant evidence has linked obesity and leptin resistance, which may precede or occur simultaneously to IR and DM2. Thus, leptin sensitivity may be a potential early therapeutic target that demands further preclinical and clinical research. Modulators of insulin sensitivity have been tested in animal models and small clinical trials with promising results, especially in combination with agents such as amylin and GLP-1 analogs, in particular, due to their central activity in the hypothalamus.Ítem Lipid Accumulation Product Is More Related to Insulin Resistance than the Visceral Adiposity Index in the Maracaibo City Population, Venezuela(Hindawi, 2021) Bermúdez, Valmore; Salazar, Juan; Fuenmayor, Jorge; Nava, Manuel; Ortega, Ángel; Duran, Pablo; Rojas, Milagros; Añez, Roberto; Rivas-Montenegro, Alejandra; Angarita, Lissé; Chacín, Maricarmen; Cano, ClímacoBackground. Visceral adiposity is related to insulin resistance (IR), a metabolic state considered as a risk factor for other cardiometabolic diseases. In that matter, mathematical indexes such as the visceral adiposity index (VAI) and the lipid accumulation product (LAP) could indirectly assess IR based on visceral adiposity. Objective. To evaluate the association and diagnostic accuracy of VAI and LAP to diagnose IR in the adult population of Maracaibo city. Methods. This is a cross-sectional descriptive study with multistage sampling. Receiver operating characteristic (ROC) curves were built to determine VAI and LAP cutoff points to predict IR. A set of logistic regression models was constructed according to sociodemographic, psychobiologic, and metabolic variables. Results. 1818 subjects were evaluated (51.4% women). The area under the curve (AUC) values for LAP and VAI were 0.689 (0.665–0.714) and 0.645 (0.619–0.670), respectively. Both indexes showed a higher IR risk in the upper tertile in bivariate analysis. However, in the logistic regression analysis for the IR risk, only the 2nd (OR: 1.91; 95% CI: 1.37–2.65; ) and 3rd (OR: 5.40; 95% CI: 3.48–8.39; ) LAP tertiles showed a significant increase. This behaviour was also observed after adjusting for hs-C-reactive protein (hs-CPR). Conclusion. Although both indexes show a low predictive capacity in individuals with IR in the Maracaibo city population, the LAP index was more strongly associated with IR.Ítem Metabolic Syndrome: Is It Time to Add the Central Nervous System?(MDPI, 2021-06) Rojas, Milagros; Chávez-Castillo, Mervin; Pirela, Daniela; Parra, Heliana; Nava, Manuel; Chacín, Maricarmen; Angarita, Lissé; Añez, Roberto; Salazar, Juan; Ortiz, Rina; Durán Agüero, Samuel; Gravini-Donado, Marbel; Bermúdez, Valmore; Díaz-Camargo, EdgarMetabolic syndrome (MS) is a set of cardio-metabolic risk factors that includes central obesity, hyperglycemia, hypertension, and dyslipidemias. The syndrome affects 25% of adults worldwide. The definition of MS has evolved over the last 80 years, with various classification systems and criteria, whose limitations and benefits are currently the subject of some controversy. Likewise, hypotheses regarding the etiology of MS add more confusion from clinical and epidemiological points of view. The leading suggestion for the pathophysiology of MS is insulin resistance (IR). IR can affect multiple tissues and organs, from the classic “triumvirate” (myocyte, adipocyte, and hepatocyte) to possible effects on organs considered more recently, such as the central nervous system (CNS). Mild cognitive impairment (MCI) and Alzheimer’s disease (AD) may be clinical expressions of CNS involvement. However, the association between MCI and MS is not understood. The bidirectional relationship that seems to exist between these factors raises the questions of which phenomenon occurs first and whether MCI can be a precursor of MS. This review explores shared pathophysiological mechanisms between MCI and MS and establishes a hypothesis of a possible MCI role in the development of IR and the appearance of MS.Ítem Psycho-Neuro-Endocrine-Immunological Basis of the Placebo Effect: Potential Applications beyond Pain Therapy(MDPI, 2022) Ortega, Ángel; Salazar, Juan; Galban, Néstor; Rojas, Milagros; Ariza, Daniela; Chávez-Castillo, Mervin; Nava, Manuel; Riaño-Garzón, Manuel E.; Díaz-Camargo, Edgar Alexis; Medina-Ortiz, Oscar; Bermúdez, ValmoreThe placebo effect can be defined as the improvement of symptoms in a patient after the administration of an innocuous substance in a context that induces expectations regarding its effects. During recent years, it has been discovered that the placebo response not only has neurobiological functions on analgesia, but that it is also capable of generating effects on the immune and endocrine systems. The possible integration of changes in different systems of the organism could favor the well-being of the individuals and go hand in hand with conventional treatment for multiple diseases. In this sense, classic conditioning and setting expectations stand out as psychological mechanisms implicated in the placebo effect. Recent advances in neuroimaging studies suggest a relationship between the placebo response and the opioid, cannabinoid, and monoaminergic systems. Likewise, a possible immune response conditioned by the placebo effect has been reported. There is evidence of immune suppression conditioned through the insular cortex and the amygdala, with noradrenalin as the responsible neurotransmitter. Finally, a conditioned response in the secretion of different hormones has been determined in different studies; however, the molecular mechanisms involved are not entirely known. Beyond studies about its mechanism of action, the placebo effect has proved to be useful in the clinical setting with promising results in the management of neurological, psychiatric, and immunologic disorders. However, more research is needed to better characterize its potential use. This review integrates current knowledge about the psycho-neuro-endocrine-immune basis of the placebo effect and its possible clinical applications.Ítem The Role of the α Cell in the Pathogenesis of Diabetes: A World beyond the Mirror(MDPI, 2021) Martínez, María Sofía; Manzano, Alexander; Olivar, Luis Carlos; Nava, Manuel; Salazar, Juan; D'Marco, Luis; Ortiz, Rina; Chacín, Maricarmen; Guerrero-Wyss, Marion; Cabrera de Bravo, Mayela; Cano, Clímaco; Bermúdez, Valmore; Angarita, LisseType 2 Diabetes Mellitus (T2DM) is one of the most prevalent chronic metabolic disorders, and insulin has been placed at the epicentre of its pathophysiological basis. However, the involvement of impaired alpha (α) cell function has been recognized as playing an essential role in several diseases, since hyperglucagonemia has been evidenced in both Type 1 and T2DM. This phenomenon has been attributed to intra-islet defects, like modifications in pancreatic α cell mass or dysfunction in glucagon’s secretion. Emerging evidence has shown that chronic hyperglycaemia provokes changes in the Langerhans’ islets cytoarchitecture, including α cell hyperplasia, pancreatic beta (β) cell dedifferentiation into glucagon-positive producing cells, and loss of paracrine and endocrine regulation due to β cell mass loss. Other abnormalities like α cell insulin resistance, sensor machinery dysfunction, or paradoxical ATP-sensitive potassium channels (KATP) opening have also been linked to glucagon hypersecretion. Recent clinical trials in phases 1 or 2 have shown new molecules with glucagon-antagonist properties with considerable effectiveness and acceptable safety profiles. Glucagon-like peptide-1 (GLP-1) agonists and Dipeptidyl Peptidase-4 inhibitors (DPP-4 inhibitors) have been shown to decrease glucagon secretion in T2DM, and their possible therapeutic role in T1DM means they are attractive as an insulin-adjuvant therapy.Ítem SGLT2i and GLP-1RA in Cardiometabolic and Renal Diseases: From Glycemic Control to Adipose Tissue Inflammation and Senescence(Hindawi, 2021) D'Marco, Luis; Morillo, Valery; Gorriz, José Luis; Suarez, María K.; Nava, Manuel; Ortega, Ángel; Parra, Heliana; Villasmil, Nelson; Rojas-Quintero, Joselyn; Bermúdez, ValmoreBackground. Over the last few years, the use of sodium-glucose cotransporter 2 inhibitors (SGLT2i) and glucagon-like peptide 1 receptor agonists (GLP-1RA) has increased substantially in medical practice due to their documented benefits in cardiorenal and metabolic health. In this sense, and in addition to being used for glycemic control in diabetic patients, these drugs also have other favorable effects such as weight loss and lowering blood pressure, and more recently, they have been shown to have cardio and renoprotective effects with anti-inflammatory properties. Concerning the latter, the individual or associated use of these antihyperglycemic agents has been linked with a decrease in proinflammatory cytokines and with an improvement in the inflammatory profile in chronic endocrine-metabolic diseases. Hence, these drugs have been positioned as first-line therapy in the management of diabetes and its multiple comorbidities, such as obesity, which has been associated with persistent inflammatory states that induce dysfunction of the adipose tissue. Moreover, other frequent comorbidities in long-standing diabetic patients are chronic complications such as diabetic kidney disease, whose progression can be slowed by SGLT2i and/or GLP-1RA. The neuroendocrine and immunometabolism mechanisms underlying adipose tissue inflammation in individuals with diabetes and cardiometabolic and renal diseases are complex and not fully understood. Summary. This review intends to expose the probable molecular mechanisms and compile evidence of the synergistic or additive anti-inflammatory effects of SGLT2i and GLP-1RA and their potential impact on the management of patients with obesity and cardiorenal compromise.Ítem The Sick Adipose Tissue: New Insights Into Defective Signaling and Crosstalk With the Myocardium(Frontiers Media, 2021) Bermúdez, Valmore; Durán, Pablo; Rojas, Edward; Díaz, María P.; Rivas, José; Nava, Manuel; Chací, Maricarmen; Cabrera de Bravo, Mayela; Carrasquero, Rubén; Cano Ponce, Clímaco; Górriz, José Luis; D'Marco, LuisAdipose tissue (AT) biology is linked to cardiovascular health since obesity is associated with cardiovascular disease (CVD) and positively correlated with excessive visceral fat accumulation. AT signaling to myocardial cells through soluble factors known as adipokines, cardiokines, branched-chain amino acids and small molecules like microRNAs, undoubtedly influence myocardial cells and AT function via the endocrine-paracrine mechanisms of action. Unfortunately, abnormal total and visceral adiposity can alter this harmonious signaling network, resulting in tissue hypoxia and monocyte/macrophage adipose infiltration occurring alongside expanded intra-abdominal and epicardial fat depots seen in the human obese phenotype. These processes promote an abnormal adipocyte proteomic reprogramming, whereby these cells become a source of abnormal signals, affecting vascular and myocardial tissues, leading to meta-inflammation, atrial fibrillation, coronary artery disease, heart hypertrophy, heart failure and myocardial infarction. This review first discusses the pathophysiology and consequences of adipose tissue expansion, particularly their association with meta-inflammation and microbiota dysbiosis. We also explore the precise mechanisms involved in metabolic reprogramming in AT that represent plausible causative factors for CVD. Finally, we clarify how lifestyle changes could promote improvement in myocardiocyte function in the context of changes in AT proteomics and a better gut microbiome profile to develop effective, non-pharmacologic approaches to CVD.Ítem Specialized Proresolving Lipid Mediators: A Potential Therapeutic Target for Atherosclerosis(MDPI, 2022) Salazar, Juan; Pirela, Daniela; Nava, Manuel; Castro, Ana; Angarita, Lissé; Parra, Heliana; Durán-Agüero, Samuel; Rojas-Gómez, Diana Marcela; Galbán, Néstor; Añez, Roberto; Chacín, Maricarmen; Diaz, Andrea; Villasmil, Nelson; Bautista De Sanctis, Juan; Bermúdez, ValmoreCardiovascular disease (CVD) is a global public health issue due to its high morbidity, mortality, and economic impact. The implementation of innovative therapeutic alternatives for CVD is urgently required. Specialized proresolving lipid mediators (SPMs) are bioactive compounds derived from ω-3 and ω-6 fatty acids, integrated into four families: Lipoxins, Resolvins, Protectins, and Maresins. SPMs have generated interest in recent years due to their ability to promote the resolution of inflammation associated with the pathogeneses of numerous illnesses, particularly CVD. Several preclinical studies in animal models have evidenced their ability to decrease the progression of atherosclerosis, intimal hyperplasia, and reperfusion injury via diverse mechanisms. Large-scale clinical trials are required to determine the effects of SPMs in humans. This review integrates the currently available knowledge of the therapeutic impact of SPMs in CVD from preclinical and clinical studies, along with the implicated molecular pathways. In vitro results have been promising, and as such, SPMs could soon represent a new therapeutic alternative for CVD.