Examinando por Autor "Chacín, Maricarmen"
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Ítem The A54T polymorphism in the FABP2 gene and its relationship with obesity(Saber UCV, Universidad Central de Venezuela, 2020) Torres, Maritza; Prieto, Carem; Ortiz, Rina; Siguencia, Wilson; Durán, Pablo; Pérez, José; Díaz, María P.; Rojas, Milagros; Chacín, Maricarmen; Cano, Clímaco; Bermúdez, ValmoreIntroduction: Obesity is a complex, multifactorial, and mostly preventable disease affecting, along with overweight, more than a third of today’s world population. Variations in the nucleotide sequence of both metabolic and appetite control genes have been counted among these non-modifiable factors and are associated with BMI, lipidic profile, and abdominal circumference alterations. Methods: An analytical, non-experimental, and transversal research was done with the purpose to assess the presence of A54T polymorphism in the FABP gene in a sub-sample from the Maracaibo City Metabolic Syndrome Prevalence Study. Results: 154 individuals eight subjects were carriers of the A54Tpolymorphism, namely, a genotypic frequency of 5.19 %, with a sex distribution of 50 % for women (n=4) and 50 % (n=4) for men. In respect of alleles similarity degree, 75 % (n=6) were homozygous, and 25 % (n=2) were heterozygous. Obesity diagnosis throughout BMI was only present in 12.50 % (n=1) of the A54T carriers. Conversely, 25 % (n=2) of the carriers were overweighed; 50 % (n=4) were presented as normal-weight people; and only 12.50 % (n=1), in one underweighted person. Conclusion: As in many other studies, we do not find an association between Ala54Thr polymorphism and obesity. This result reinforces the fact of the multifactorial character of these diseases and a carrier state of this polymorphism is not necessarily to experience a higher obesity risk, at least, in our environment.Ítem Advanced Glycation End Products: New Clinical and Molecular Perspectives(MDPI, 2021) Salazar, Juan; Navarro, Carla; Ortega, Ángel; Nava, Manuel; Morillo, Daniela; Torres, Wheeler; Hernández, Marlon; Cabrera, Mayela; Angarita, Lissé; Ortiz, Rina; Chacín, Maricarmen; D'Marco, Luis; Bermúdez, ValmoreDiabetes mellitus (DM) is considered one of the most massive epidemics of the twenty-first century due to its high mortality rates caused mainly due to its complications; therefore, the early identification of such complications becomes a race against time to establish a prompt diagnosis. The research of complications of DM over the years has allowed the development of numerous alternatives for diagnosis. Among these emerge the quantification of advanced glycation end products (AGEs) given their increased levels due to chronic hyperglycemia, while also being related to the induction of different stress-associated cellular responses and proinflammatory mechanisms involved in the progression of chronic complications of DM. Additionally, the investigation for more valuable and safe techniques has led to developing a newer, noninvasive, and effective tool, termed skin fluorescence (SAF). Hence, this study aimed to establish an update about the molecular mechanisms induced by AGEs during the evolution of chronic complications of DM and describe the newer measurement techniques available, highlighting SAF as a possible tool to measure the risk of developing DM chronic complications.Ítem Age-specific waist circumference cutoff-points for abdominal obesity diagnosis: a personalized strategy for a large Venezuelan population(Springer, 2021) Bermudez, Valmore; Salazar, Juan; Martínez, María Sofía; Olivar, Luis Carlos; Nava, Manuel; Rojas, Milagros; Ortega, Ángel; Añez. Roberto; Toledo, Alexandra; Rojas, Joselyn; Chacín, Maricarmen; Rodríguez, Johel E.; D'Marco, Luis; Cano, ClímacoBackground Evidence shows that the ageing process is a determining factor in fat distribution, composition, and functionality. The goal of this research was to determine cut-off points for waist circumference according to age in the adult population from Maracaibo city, Venezuela. Methodology The Metabolic Syndrome Prevalence Study is a descriptive, cross-sectional study with multi-stage randomized sampling. In this post-hoc analysis 1902 individuals ≥18 years and from both sexes were evaluated. Waist circumference ROC curves were built for each age group and sex, using metabolic phenotypes for classification. Results 52.2% (n = 992) were women, and the mean age was 38.7 ± 2. Cut-off points obtained for the <30 years age group were: 91 cm for women (Sensitivity: 96,8%, Specificity: 97,7%) and 94 cm for men (Sensitivity:100%, Specificity: 99,2%); for 30–49 years: women 94 cm (Sensitivity: 93.7%, Specificity: 97.1%) and men 95 cm (Sensitivity: 97.3%, Specificity: 100%); for ≥50 years: women 94 cm (Sensitivity: 91.8%, Specificity: 86.7%) and men 101 cm (Sensitivity: 100%, Specificity: 100%) Conclusion The use of specific cut-off points according to age groups is proposed to determine abdominal obesity in Maracaibo city due to the underestimation seen in young people and the overestimation observed in older people when using a unique cut-off point.Ítem Análisis clínico-epidemiológico de las subfracciones HDL2 y HDL3 en adultos de la ciudad de Maracaibo, Venezuela(Instituto Nacional de Salud. Lima, Perú, 2020) Linares, Sergia; Bermúdez, Valmore; Salazar, Juan; Nava, Manuel; Ortega, Ángel; Olivar, Luis; Calvo, María; Martínez, María Sofía; Morales-Carrasco, Alex; Chacín, Maricarmen; Rojas, JoselynObjetivo: Realizar un análisis clínico-epidemiológico de las subfracciones de colesterol unido a lipoproteinas de alta densidad (HDL-C, por sus siglas en inglés) en adultos de la ciudad de Maracaibo, Venezuela. Materiales y métodos: Se realizó un estudio descriptivo y transversal de la base de datos del Estudio de Prevalencia de Síndrome Metabólico de Maracaibo, que incluyó 359 individuos de ambos sexos, mayores de 18 años, a quienes se les determinó la concentración sérica de HDL3 y HDL2, así como el índice HDL2/ HDL3; evaluando sus niveles según características sociodemográficas, clínicas y bioquímicas. Resultados: La edad promedio de la población era 39,4 ± 15,2 años, y 51,5% era de sexo femenino. Solo se observaron diferencias en los niveles de HDL-C en aquellos sujetos con HDL-C bajas. Las mujeres con hipertriacilgliceridemia mostraron concentraciones séricas de HDL3 y HDL2 significativamente menores con respecto a aquellas con triacilglicéridos normales (p = 0,033); asimismo, se encontró una concentración menor de HDL3 y relación HDL2/HDL3 en aquellas con proteína C reactiva ultrasensible (PCR-us) elevada (p < 0,001). En hombres, se evidenció una concentración significativamente menor de HDL2 en aquellos con algún grado de hipertensión arterial (p = 0,031), insulinorresistencia (p = 0,050) y síndrome metabólico (p = 0,003); mientras que aquellos con PCR-us elevada mostraron una menor concentración de HDL3 (p = 0,011). Conclusión: Las subfracciones de HDL-C muestran un comportamiento clínico epidemiológico variable en adultos de la población de Maracaibo, con promedios más bajos en los hombres, diferencias en los niveles únicamente en aquellos con HDL-C bajas, y sin predominio de alguna subclase según las características sociodemográficas, clínicas y bioquímicas.Ítem Bacterial Translocation: Microbiota-Intestine-Lung Axis and Pro-Inflammatory Status in the severity of Covid-19(Horizon Publisher India, 2021) Valero-Cedeño, Nereida; Álava, Danna; Rodríguez, Ronny; Chacín, Maricarmen; Cabrera-Hernández, Maritza; Véliz-Castro, Teresa; Carrero, Yenddy; Bermúdez, Valmore; Rodriguez-Morales, Alfonso J.; Dhawan, Manish; Tiwari, Ruchi; Dhama, KuldeepAlthough severe acute respiratory syndrome coronavirus – 2 (SARS-CoV-2), causing coronavirus disease 2019 (COVID-19) pandemic, is primarily associated with a respiratory infection, it has also been linked to multisystem involvement that includes the digestive tract. Gastrointestinal (GI) manifestations are common in patients with COVID-19 due to the high viral load lodged in the small intestine's mucosa. As a result, it causes an increase in the permeability of the intestinal barrier that favours the passage and translocation of bacteria, from the lumen of the intestine, towards the internal environment, with the appearance of sepsis, with evidence that SARS-CoV-2 has been found in faeces. This article highlights epidemiology, clinical symptoms, and mechanisms related to manifestations of disease in the GI tract and its pathogenesis in patients with COVID-19. It highlights bacterial translocation and COVID 19, mechanisms that control bacterial translocation, intestinal infection and feco-oral transmission, defense mechanisms against microbial invasion, role of microbiota/microbiome and implications of their dysbiosis and alterations during SARS-CoV-2 infection, and lastly protective health benefits by improving dietary habits with nutritional foods approaches amid the ongoing pandemic. Increasing evidence indicates that bacterial translocation appears due to the high viral load of COVID-19 in the mucosa of the GI tract, and the intestinal microbiota contributes to the COVID-19 course owing to their bidirectional relationship with the immune system and lungs. Dysbiosis in gut microbiota leads to increased gut permeability thus predisposing to secondary infection and multiple organ dysfunction. Disruption of intestinal barrier integrity due to dysbiosis may cause translocation of SARS-CoV-2 from lungs into the intestinal lumen via the circulatory and lymphatic system, initiating severe clinical presentation of the infection. A thorough understanding of the key role of gut microbiota, gastrointestinal symptoms, and pathology along with immunomodulatory approaches would help in alleviating morbidity and mortality during the ongoing COVID-19 pandemic.Ítem Efecto del consumo de alimentos preparados en el hogar y adquiridos en la escuela sobre el perfil lipídico de escolares en Maracaibo, Venezuela(Cooperativa servicios y suministros 212518 RS, 2018) Alfonzo, Narly; Abreu, Marioly De; García, María; Rincón, Yuslemi; Carrillo, Marisol; Amell, Anilsa; Chávez-Castillo, Mervin; Rojas, Joselyn; Martínez, María S.; Salazar, Juan; Añez, Roberto J.; Chacín, Maricarmen; Graterol, Modesto; Bermúdez, ValmorePropósito: En décadas recientes, ha aumentado en la población infantil la prevalencia de enfermedades como obesidad y dislipidemias, de manera atribuible a prácticas propias de la sociedad occidentalizada. Esto incluye sobreingesta calórica, incluso en el desayuno, una particularmente importante para ésta demografía. Por lo tanto, el objetivo de este estudio fue analizar efecto del consumo de alimentos preparados en el hogar (APH) o alimentos adquiridos en la institución educativa (AIE) y la ingesta nutricional diaria en el perfil lipídico de escolares normopeso de la parroquia Raúl Leoni del Municipio Maracaibo, Venezuela. Materiales y Métodos: Estudio cuantitativo, transversal y de campo en 52 escolares de ambos sexos pertenecientes a 2 colegios privados de la Parroquia Raúl Leoni del Municipio Maracaibo, Estado Zulia; con edades comprendidas entre 8-10 años, e Índice de Masa Corporal clasificado normopeso para su edad y sexo. Se determinaron los parámetros antropométricos y perfil lipídico de los participantes; y se obtuvo la frecuencia de consumo de alimentos y el contenido nutricional de su desayuno e ingesta diaria mediante un recordatorio de 24 horas tipo encuesta, cuyos datos fueron procesados según la Tabla de Composición de Alimentos de Venezuela. Resultados: Las proporciones de adecuación nutricional de calorías, grasas y carbohidratos fueron excesivas en los niños que desayunan AIE, y significativamente superiores a los que desayunan APH (p<0,011; p<0,002 y p<0,002, respectivamente). No se objetivaron diferencias entre los parámetros bioquímicos. Los alimentos más frecuentemente consumidos en ambos grupos incluyeron frituras. No se encontró relación entre los valores de perfil lipídico y la proporción de adecuación nutricional de calorías, proteínas, carbohidratos o grasas en ningún grupo (p>0,05). Conclusiones: En la población estudiada, los escolares que desayunan AIE reciben un aporte excesivo de calorías, grasas y carbohidratos; no obstante, este excedente no parece influir significativamente sobre su perfil lipídico.Ítem Exploring the relationship between the Gut Microbiota and Ageing: A possible age modulator(MDPI, 2023) Salazar, Juan; Durán, Pablo; Díaz, María P.; Chacín, Maricarmen; Santeliz, Raquel; Mengual, Edgardo; Gutiérrez, Emma; León, Xavier; Díaz, Andrea; Bernal, Marycarlota; Escalona, Daniel; Parra Hernández, Luis Alberto; Bermúdez, ValmoreThe gut microbiota (GM) has been the subject of intense research in recent years. Therefore, numerous factors affecting its composition have been thoroughly examined, and with them, their function and role in the individual’s systems. The gut microbiota’s taxonomical composition dramatically impacts older adults’ health status. In this regard, it could either extend their life expectancy via the modulation of metabolic processes and the immune system or, in the case of dysbiosis, predispose them to age-related diseases, including bowel inflammatory and musculoskeletal diseases and metabolic and neurological disorders. In general, the microbiome of the elderly tends to present taxonomic and functional changes, which can function as a target to modulate the microbiota and improve the health of this population. The GM of centenarians is unique, with the faculty-promoting metabolic pathways capable of preventing and counteracting the different processes associated with age-related diseases. The molecular mechanisms by which the microbiota can exhibit anti-ageing properties are mainly based on anti-inflammatory and antioxidant actions. This review focuses on analysing the current knowledge of gut microbiota characteristics and modifiers, its relationship with ageing, and the GM-modulating approaches to increase life expectancy.Ítem Hypertension, emotions and happiness: A brief view from the biology to the positive psychology(Saber UCV, Universidad Central de Venezuela, 2022) Bautista-Sandoval, María; Chacín, Maricarmen; Chaparro-Suárez, Yudy; Riaño-Garzón, Manuel E; Díaz-Camargo, Edgar Alexis; Duran, Pablo; Parra, Heliana; Castro, Ana; Nava, Manuel; Medina Ortiez, Oscar; D’Marco, Luis; Rojas, Edward; Bermúdez, ValmoreHigh blood pressure (HBP) is a silent disease with an extremely high prevalence worldwide. It is considered the leading risk factor for cardiovascular (CVD) and neurovascular disorders. The etiology of hypertension is based on various genetic, environmental, and social factors. Currently, compelling evidence points to the link between HBP and certain psycho-emotional factors, such as mental stability, happiness, general well-being, and fulfillment, all consistently associated with better physical and psychological health. Clinical and epidemiological evidence supports their value as a novel target in HBP management despite the lack of clarity concerning how psycho-emotional and affective states affect cardiovascular health. Among the main psycho-emotional strategies implemented to treat HBP and other CVD patients, emphasis should be placed on psychosocial interventions and positive psychology, which have shown promising results in this regard thus far. Therefore, this review aims to comprehensively determine whether an individual’s psychosocial and emotional state can be an HBP risk factor.Ítem Importance of high triglycerides levels between novel coronary risk factors(Sociedad Colombiana de Cardiología y Cirugía Cardiovascular., 2017-11) Bermúdez, Valmore; Salazar, Juan; Calvo, María; Martínez, María; Añez, Roberto; Rivas-Ríos, José; Chacín, Maricarmen; Hernández, Juan; Graterol, Modesto; Rojas, JoselynIntroduction: The analysis of new cardiovascular risk factors is under an extensive debate in the cardiology and metabolic research fields. Objective: To determine the main factors that contribute to the classification of individuals with higher coronary risk in the adult population from Maracaibo, Venezuela. Methods: A descriptive, cross-sectional study with multistage random sampling in 1379 individuals belonging to the Maracaibo City Metabolic Syndrome Prevalence Study (MMSPS) was performed. They were classified according to the coronary risk by Framingham-Wilson equation adapted to our population. The association between various risk factors was evaluated by ordinal logistic regression models. Results: 1,379 subjects (females 55.9%; n = 771) were evaluated, 66.2% (n = 913) were classified with low coronary risk. In univariate ( 2 = 112.35; p < 0.00001) and multivariate analysis [OR: 3.98 (2.39-6.63); p < 0.01], the main factors associated to be classified as the highest risk category were hypertriglyceridemia. Conclusion: There are several factors that should be included in predictive models use worldwide. The most important in our population were dyslipidemia such as hypertriglyceridemia, hyperlipoproteinemia (a) and insulin resistance.Ítem Indicadores bibliométricos para investigadores y revistas de impacto en el área de la salud(Sociedad Venezolana de Farmacología y Terapéutica, 2019) Espinosa-Castro, Jhon-Franklin; Hernández-Lalinde, Juan; Rodríguez, Johel E.; Chacín, Maricarmen; Bermúdez-Pirela, ValmoreLas publicaciones científicas en revistas especializadas y los autores evaluados a través de métricas, deben conocer los parámetros y funcionalidad en procesos de indexación y categorización. Este artículo tiene por objetivo presentar argumentos de expertos en la temática, igualmente las instituciones y plataformas en indicadores bibliométricos, la importancia de las redes para la comunidad académica e investigativa y científica. La metodología está fundamentada en la revisión literaria desde la investigación documental. Se concluye que Wos, Scopus y Google Scholar constituyen los principales índices y Orcid, Publons y Researchgate las redes para la divulgación de productos.Ítem Indicadores de rendimiento de citas: clasificación e importancia(Sociedad Venezolana de Farmacología Clínica y Terapéutica, 2018) Hernández Lalinde, Juan Diego; Bermúdez, Valmore; Arias, Víctor; Chacín, Maricarmen; Pahuana, Mayerlin; Barroso, MaryEl Journal Citation Reports es una publicación anual que mide el impacto de las publicaciones científicas a través de diversas medidas de rendimiento; siendo, el factor de impacto, el de mayor influencia. A pesar de la popularidad de este índice, su uso no ha estado exento de cierta controversia, motivo por el cual se han propuesto en años recientes indicadores adicionales conocidos como Altmetrics. En general, todos estos índices se agrupan según el algoritmo de cálculo de métricas en: indicadores basados en razones, aquellos que se obtienen de dividir el total de citas entre el total de productos, tales como el factor de impacto; indicadores basados en cartera, los cuales se fundamentan en puntajes asignados a documentos clasificados, tales como el H-Index; e indicadores basados en la red, los que consideran el impacto del autor dentro de una red de citas más amplia, tales como el Scimago Journal Rank. Con base en una investigación documental exhaustiva, esta revisión presenta las características más importantes de estos indicadores, agrupándolos de acuerdo a la clasificación ya mencionada, y discutiendo acerca de las ventajas y desventajas asociadas a cada uno.Ítem Influencia del estrés sobre el rendimiento académico(Sociedad Venezolana de Farmacología Clínica y Terapéutica, 2020) Espinosa-CastrO, Jhon-Franklin; Hernández-Lalinde, Juan; Rodríguez, Johel E.; Chacín, Maricarmen; Bermúdez-Pirela, ValmoreEl estrés adquiere influencia en diferentes enfermedades, disminuye el rendimiento laboral y académico, perjudica las relaciones personales y familiares, generando consecuencias que afectan al cuerpo, mente y emociones. Este artículo tiene por objetivo describir la influencia del estrés en el rendimiento académico de estudiantes a nivel universitario. Expertos establecen la importancia de minimizar el estrés analizando sus causas y consecuencias. La presente investigación está desarrollada desde el enfoque cuantitativo y a través del paradigma positivista. El nivel de estrés se midió con la escala creada por Borges y Melgosa, y fue aplicado en estudiantes de psicología y trabajo social de la Universidad Simón Bolívar sede Cúcuta. La administración del cuestionario se llevó a cabo en estudiantes de ambos sexos, con edades comprendidas entre 18 y 24 años, que asistían a la jornada nocturna del segundo y cuarto semestre académico. El análisis y la interpretación de información fueron realizados mediante el paquete estadístico SPSS. Se concluye que el estrés influye en diferentes aspectos de la vida, especialmente en el rendimiento académico.Ítem Is “Leptin Resistance” Another Key Resistance to Manage Type 2 Diabetes?(Bentham Science Publishers, 2020) Salazar, Juan; Chávez-Castillo, Mervin; Rojas, Joselyn; Ortega, Ángel; Nava, Manuel; Pérez, José; Rojas, Milagros; Espinoza, Cristobal; Chacín, Maricarmen; Herazo, Yaneth; Angarita, Lissé; Rojas, Diana Marcela; D'Marco, Luis; Bermúdez, ValmoreAlthough novel pharmacological options for the treatment of type 2 diabetes mellitus (DM2) have been observed to modulate the functionality of several key organs in glucose homeostasis, successful regulation of insulin resistance (IR), body weight management, and pharmacological treatment of obesity remain notable problems in endocrinology. Leptin may be a pivotal player in this scenario, as an adipokine which centrally regulates appetite and energy balance. In obesity, excessive caloric intake promotes a low-grade inflammatory response, which leads to dysregulations in lipid storage and adipokine secretion. In turn, these entail alterations in leptin sensitivity, leptin transport across the blood-brain barrier and defects in post-receptor signaling. Furthermore, hypothalamic inflammation and endoplasmic reticulum stress may increase the expression of molecules which may disrupt leptin signaling. Abundant evidence has linked obesity and leptin resistance, which may precede or occur simultaneously to IR and DM2. Thus, leptin sensitivity may be a potential early therapeutic target that demands further preclinical and clinical research. Modulators of insulin sensitivity have been tested in animal models and small clinical trials with promising results, especially in combination with agents such as amylin and GLP-1 analogs, in particular, due to their central activity in the hypothalamus.Ítem Lipid Accumulation Product Is More Related to Insulin Resistance than the Visceral Adiposity Index in the Maracaibo City Population, Venezuela(Hindawi, 2021) Bermúdez, Valmore; Salazar, Juan; Fuenmayor, Jorge; Nava, Manuel; Ortega, Ángel; Duran, Pablo; Rojas, Milagros; Añez, Roberto; Rivas-Montenegro, Alejandra; Angarita, Lissé; Chacín, Maricarmen; Cano, ClímacoBackground. Visceral adiposity is related to insulin resistance (IR), a metabolic state considered as a risk factor for other cardiometabolic diseases. In that matter, mathematical indexes such as the visceral adiposity index (VAI) and the lipid accumulation product (LAP) could indirectly assess IR based on visceral adiposity. Objective. To evaluate the association and diagnostic accuracy of VAI and LAP to diagnose IR in the adult population of Maracaibo city. Methods. This is a cross-sectional descriptive study with multistage sampling. Receiver operating characteristic (ROC) curves were built to determine VAI and LAP cutoff points to predict IR. A set of logistic regression models was constructed according to sociodemographic, psychobiologic, and metabolic variables. Results. 1818 subjects were evaluated (51.4% women). The area under the curve (AUC) values for LAP and VAI were 0.689 (0.665–0.714) and 0.645 (0.619–0.670), respectively. Both indexes showed a higher IR risk in the upper tertile in bivariate analysis. However, in the logistic regression analysis for the IR risk, only the 2nd (OR: 1.91; 95% CI: 1.37–2.65; ) and 3rd (OR: 5.40; 95% CI: 3.48–8.39; ) LAP tertiles showed a significant increase. This behaviour was also observed after adjusting for hs-C-reactive protein (hs-CPR). Conclusion. Although both indexes show a low predictive capacity in individuals with IR in the Maracaibo city population, the LAP index was more strongly associated with IR.Ítem Metabolic Reprogramming in Cancer Cells: Emerging Molecular Mechanisms and Novel Therapeutic Approaches(MDPI, 2022) Navarro, Carla; Ortega, Ángel; Santeliz, Raquel; Garrido, Bermary; Chacín, Maricarmen; Galban, Néstor; Vera, Ivana; Bautista de Sanctis, Juan; Bermúdez, ValmoreThe constant changes in cancer cell bioenergetics are widely known as metabolic reprogramming. Reprogramming is a process mediated by multiple factors, including oncogenes, growth factors, hypoxia-induced factors, and the loss of suppressor gene function, which support malignant transformation and tumor development in addition to cell heterogeneity. Consequently, this hallmark promotes resistance to conventional anti-tumor therapies by adapting to the drastic changes in the nutrient microenvironment that these therapies entail. Therefore, it represents a revolutionary landscape during cancer progression that could be useful for developing new and improved therapeutic strategies targeting alterations in cancer cell metabolism, such as the deregulated mTOR and PI3K pathways. Understanding the complex interactions of the underlying mechanisms of metabolic reprogramming during cancer initiation and progression is an active study field. Recently, novel approaches are being used to effectively battle and eliminate malignant cells. These include biguanides, mTOR inhibitors, glutaminase inhibition, and ion channels as drug targets. This review aims to provide a general overview of metabolic reprogramming, summarise recent progress in this field, and emphasize its use as an effective therapeutic target against cancer.Ítem Metabolic Syndrome and Subclinical Hypothyroidism: A Type 2 Diabetes-Dependent Association(Hindawi, 2018) Bermúdez, Valmore; Salazar, Juan; Añez, Roberto; Rojas, Milagros; Estrella, Viviana; Ordoñez, María; Chacín, Maricarmen; Hernández, Juan Diego; Arias, Víctor; Cabrera, Mayela; Cano-Ponce, Clímaco; Rojas, JoselynIntroduction. Subclinical hypothyroidism (ScH) is an endocrine alteration that is related to cardiovascular risk factors, including those categorized as components of the Metabolic Syndrome (MS). However, findings in prior reports regarding an association between these alterations are inconsistent. The purpose of this study was to determine the relationship between both entities in adult subjects from Maracaibo City, Venezuela. Materials and Methods. The Maracaibo City Metabolic Syndrome Prevalence Study is a descriptive, cross-sectional study with random and multistage sampling. In this substudy, 391 individuals of both genders were selected and TSH, free T3, and free T4 tests were performed as well as a complete lipid profile, fasting glycaemia, and insulin blood values. ScH was defined according to the National Health and Nutrition Examination Survey (NHANES) criteria: high TSH (≥4.12mUI/L) and normal free T4 (0.9-1,9 ng/dL) in subjects without personal history of thyroid disease. MS components were defined according to IDF/AHA/NHLBI/WHF/IAS/IASO-2009 criteria. A multiple logistic regression analysis was used to assess the relationship between MS components and ScH diagnosis. Results. Of the evaluated population, 10.5% (n=41) was diagnosed with ScH, with a higher prevalence in women (female: 13.6% versus male: 7.7%; χ2=3.56, p=0.05). Likewise, 56.1% (n=23) of the subjects with ScH were diagnosed with MS (χ2=4.85; p=0.03), being hyperglycemia the main associated criterion (χ2=11.7; p=0.001). In multivariable analysis, it was observed that the relationship was exclusive with the presence of type 2 diabetes mellitus (T2DM) OR: 3.22 (1.14-9.14); p=0.03. Conclusion. The relationship between ScH and MS in our population is dependent on the presence of hyperglycemia, specifically T2DM diagnosis, findings that vary from those previously reported in Latin American subjects.Ítem Metabolic Syndrome: Is It Time to Add the Central Nervous System?(MDPI, 2021-06) Rojas, Milagros; Chávez-Castillo, Mervin; Pirela, Daniela; Parra, Heliana; Nava, Manuel; Chacín, Maricarmen; Angarita, Lissé; Añez, Roberto; Salazar, Juan; Ortiz, Rina; Durán Agüero, Samuel; Gravini-Donado, Marbel; Bermúdez, Valmore; Díaz-Camargo, EdgarMetabolic syndrome (MS) is a set of cardio-metabolic risk factors that includes central obesity, hyperglycemia, hypertension, and dyslipidemias. The syndrome affects 25% of adults worldwide. The definition of MS has evolved over the last 80 years, with various classification systems and criteria, whose limitations and benefits are currently the subject of some controversy. Likewise, hypotheses regarding the etiology of MS add more confusion from clinical and epidemiological points of view. The leading suggestion for the pathophysiology of MS is insulin resistance (IR). IR can affect multiple tissues and organs, from the classic “triumvirate” (myocyte, adipocyte, and hepatocyte) to possible effects on organs considered more recently, such as the central nervous system (CNS). Mild cognitive impairment (MCI) and Alzheimer’s disease (AD) may be clinical expressions of CNS involvement. However, the association between MCI and MS is not understood. The bidirectional relationship that seems to exist between these factors raises the questions of which phenomenon occurs first and whether MCI can be a precursor of MS. This review explores shared pathophysiological mechanisms between MCI and MS and establishes a hypothesis of a possible MCI role in the development of IR and the appearance of MS.Ítem Microbiota and Diabetes Mellitus: Role of Lipid Mediators(MDPI, 2020) Salazar, Juan; Angarita, Lissé; Morillo, Valery; Navarro, Carla; Martínez, María Sofía; Chacín, Maricarmen; Torres, Wheeler; Rajotia, Arush; Rojas, Milagros; Cano, Clímaco; Añez, Roberto; Rojas, Joselyn; Bermúdez, ValmoreDiabetes Mellitus (DM) is an inflammatory clinical entity with different mechanisms involved in its physiopathology. Among these, the dysfunction of the gut microbiota stands out. Currently, it is understood that lipid products derived from the gut microbiota are capable of interacting with cells from the immune system and have an immunomodulatory effect. In the presence of dysbiosis, the concentration of lipopolysaccharides (LPS) increases, favoring damage to the intestinal barrier. Furthermore, a pro-inflammatory environment prevails, and a state of insulin resistance and hyperglycemia is present. Conversely, during eubiosis, the production of short-chain fatty acids (SCFA) is fundamental for the maintenance of the integrity of the intestinal barrier as well as for immunogenic tolerance and appetite/satiety perception, leading to a protective effect. Additionally, it has been demonstrated that alterations or dysregulation of the gut microbiota can be reversed by modifying the eating habits of the patients or with the administration of prebiotics, probiotics, and symbiotics. Similarly, different studies have demonstrated that drugs like Metformin are capable of modifying the composition of the gut microbiota, promoting changes in the biosynthesis of LPS, and the metabolism of SCFA.Ítem Obesidad Infantil: Un problema de pequeños que se está volviendo grande(Cooperativa servicios y suministros 212518 RS, 2019) Chacín, Maricarmen; Carrillo, Sandra; Rodríguez, Johel E.; Salazar, Juan; Rojas, Joselyn; Añez, Roberto; Angarita, Lissé; Chaparro, Yudy; Martínez, Magda; Anderson, Hazel; Reyna, Nadia; Herazo Beltrán, Yaneth; Bermúdez, ValmoreLa obesidad es una enfermedad crónica de comportamiento epidemiológico complejo que se origina de la interacción entre factores genéticos y ambientales, entre los que destacan los patrones de alimentación y el consumo calórico diario, así como el grado de actividad física. Según la Organización Mundial para la Salud (OMS), la obesidad se define como una acumulación anormal y excesiva de grasa corporal. Para el diagnóstico de esta condición en niños y adolescentes se utilizan tablas diseñadas por la OMS que definen a un individuo con sobrepeso como aquel con un IMC superior al percentil 85 pero inferior al percentil 95, y con obesidad aquellos individuos con un IMC por encima del percentil 95 para una edad y sexo específicos. La prevalencia de sobrepeso y obesidad en niños está en aumento en muchos países del orbe y pesar de ser un problema que ha sido estudiado sistemáticamente desde hace más de 40 años aún está lejos de ser resuelto, y contrariamente a lo que se cree, su mayor crecimiento e impacto está ocurriendo en los países pobres y en vías de desarrollo, así, en el ámbito mundial para el año 2018 el número de niños menores de 5 años con sobrepeso era de 38 millones, de los cuales, 27.2 millones vivían en Asia y África. Actualmente en las Américas 5.6 millones de niños son portadores de sobrepeso u obesidad, los cuales coexisten con un número aún importante de niños con desnutrición lo cual se conoce como “doble carga de la malnutrición y obesidad”, un hecho que forma parte del fenómeno de la transición nutricional. En Colombia la última encuesta nacional de nutrición ha reportado una prevalencia de exceso de peso de un 6.3% en niños menores de 5 años, un 24.4% en escolares y un 17.9% en adolescentes. Por su parte, en el Norte de Santander los estudios realizados sobre obesidad infantil son muy escasos y con tamaños de muestra reducidos, reportando que la prevalencia de sobrepeso se encuentra en un 23% y la de obesidad en un 17%, cifras que deben llamar la atención para la realización de estudios controlados y con marcos muestrales apropiados.Ítem Plan de muestreo para el estudio de obesidad, sobrepeso y variables biopsicosociales en niños y adolescentes escolarizados de Cúcuta, Colombia(Sociedad Venezolana de Farmacología Clínica y Terapéutica, 2019) Hernández-Lalinde, Juan; Espinosa-Castro, Jhon-Franklin; Chacín, Maricarmen; Carrillo-Sierra, Sandra-Milena; García Álvarez, DiegoLa investigación en las ciencias sociales, de la salud o del comportamiento, cuyo objeto de estudio es el hombre, obliga a enfrentarse a escenarios en los que, muchas veces, no está definida la población objetivo. Es bastante común en estas áreas del quehacer científico, que investigadores se topen con situaciones en las que deban recurrir a esquemas complejos de muestreo, incorporando elementos del muestreo aleatorio simple, estratificado y por conglomerados. La presente revisión tiene por objetivo servir como guía en este sentido, construyéndose sobre la base de un estudio real y en desarrollo, enfocado en analizar la posible relación entre el sobrepeso, la obesidad y variables biopsicosociales en niños y adolescentes escolarizados de Cúcuta, Colombia. Se ha intentado profundizar en el detalle del plan, examinando cuestiones fundamentales como las etapas utilizadas, los criterios de estratificación y conglomeración, el tamaño de la muestra de estudiantes, el número de unidades primarias y secundarias escogidas y la validación de la muestra mediante una comparación descriptiva. El elemento matemático se menciona solo de manera referencial, haciendo hincapié en el uso de programas como SPSS, para el diseño del plan, extracción de la muestra y obtención de estimaciones básicas; y G-Power, para el cálculo del tamaño de la muestra considerando aspectos como el nivel de significación, potencia, tamaño de efecto a detectar, grados de libertad, entre otros.