Funciones ejecutivas y factores de riesgo psicosociales asociados a posibles alteraciones en capturados por conductas delictivas de homicidio y abuso sexual de la URI de Barranquilla en el año 2023
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Fecha
2025
Autores
Díaz Rodríguez, Ruth Angela
Bermúdez Beltrán, Jenny Pilar
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Ediciones Universidad Simón Bolívar
Facultad de Ciencias de la Salud
Facultad de Ciencias de la Salud
Resumen
El presente trabajo de investigación tuvo como propósito describir el desempeño de las funciones ejecutivas y los factores de riesgo psicosociales presentes en individuos capturados por conductas delictivas de homicidio y abuso sexual, recluidos en la Unidad de Reacción Inmediata (URI) de Barranquilla en 2023. La relevancia de este estudio radica en la necesidad de comprender los elementos neuropsicológicos y contextuales que subyacen a dichas conductas, aportando una base sólida para la prevención, la intervención clínica y la formulación de políticas públicas orientadas a la reducción del crimen y al fortalecimiento de la convivencia social.
La investigación se enmarcó en un enfoque cualitativo-descriptivo, bajo un diseño de estudio de caso, lo que permitió realizar un análisis profundo de las características cognitivas y psicosociales de los participantes. La muestra estuvo conformada por 10 hombres capturados por los delitos mencionados, a quienes se les aplicó la Batería Neuropsicológica de Funciones Ejecutivas y Lóbulos Frontales 2 (BANFE-2), complementada con la recopilación de datos sociodemográficos y antecedentes clínicos. Esta batería permitió evaluar procesos como la planeación, la memoria de trabajo, la flexibilidad cognitiva y la inhibición de respuestas, considerados esenciales para el funcionamiento ejecutivo y directamente relacionados con la autorregulación de la conducta.
Los resultados evidenciaron un perfil heterogéneo. Se observaron fortalezas en la planeación secuencial, la memoria visoespacial y la categorización básica, lo que indica que algunos recursos cognitivos permanecen preservados.
No obstante, se identificaron debilidades significativas en la velocidad de procesamiento, el control inhibitorio, la eficiencia verbal y la metacognición, con una marcada tendencia hacia la sobrestimación de las propias capacidades. Estas limitaciones sugieren dificultades en la adaptación conductual a las demandas contextuales, favoreciendo respuestas impulsivas y un deficiente monitoreo de las acciones.
The purpose of this research was to describe the performance of executive functions and the psychosocial risk factors present in individuals captured for criminal behaviors such as homicide and sexual abuse, detained at the Immediate Reaction Unit (URI) of Barranquilla in 2023. The relevance of this work lies in the need to understand the neuropsychological and contextual elements underlying such behaviors, providing a solid basis for prevention, clinical intervention, and the development of public policies aimed at reducing crime and fostering social coexistence. The study was framed within a qualitative-descriptive approach, using a case study design that allowed for a comprehensive analysis of the cognitive and psychosocial characteristics of the participants. The sample consisted of 10 men captured for the aforementioned crimes, who were assessed with the Neuropsychological Battery of Executive Functions and Frontal Lobes 2 (BANFE2), along with the collection of sociodemographic data and clinical history. This battery facilitated the evaluation of processes such as planning, working memory, cognitive flexibility, and response inhibition, all considered essential for executive functioning and closely related to behavioral regulation in everyday life and in complex social contexts. The results revealed a heterogeneous profile across the group. Strengths were observed in sequential planning, visuospatial memory, and basic categorization, which suggest that certain cognitive resources remain preserved despite the adverse circumstances surrounding the participants. Nevertheless, significant weaknesses were identified in processing speed, inhibitory control, verbal efficiency, and metacognition, particularly with a marked tendency toward overestimation of abilities. These difficulties indicate problems in adjusting behavior to contextual demands, limiting adequate self-monitoring and favoring impulsivity in decision-making processes.
The purpose of this research was to describe the performance of executive functions and the psychosocial risk factors present in individuals captured for criminal behaviors such as homicide and sexual abuse, detained at the Immediate Reaction Unit (URI) of Barranquilla in 2023. The relevance of this work lies in the need to understand the neuropsychological and contextual elements underlying such behaviors, providing a solid basis for prevention, clinical intervention, and the development of public policies aimed at reducing crime and fostering social coexistence. The study was framed within a qualitative-descriptive approach, using a case study design that allowed for a comprehensive analysis of the cognitive and psychosocial characteristics of the participants. The sample consisted of 10 men captured for the aforementioned crimes, who were assessed with the Neuropsychological Battery of Executive Functions and Frontal Lobes 2 (BANFE2), along with the collection of sociodemographic data and clinical history. This battery facilitated the evaluation of processes such as planning, working memory, cognitive flexibility, and response inhibition, all considered essential for executive functioning and closely related to behavioral regulation in everyday life and in complex social contexts. The results revealed a heterogeneous profile across the group. Strengths were observed in sequential planning, visuospatial memory, and basic categorization, which suggest that certain cognitive resources remain preserved despite the adverse circumstances surrounding the participants. Nevertheless, significant weaknesses were identified in processing speed, inhibitory control, verbal efficiency, and metacognition, particularly with a marked tendency toward overestimation of abilities. These difficulties indicate problems in adjusting behavior to contextual demands, limiting adequate self-monitoring and favoring impulsivity in decision-making processes.
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Funciones ejecutivas, Conducta delictiva, Neuropsicología, Homicidio, Delito sexual, Prevención del delito, Factores psicosociales
