Diseño de una propuesta de salud intercultural para el pueblo indígena Yukpa residente en la ciudad de Cúcuta
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Fecha
2021
Autores
Ortega Ortega, Nohora
Niño Niño, Harley Hernando
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Ediciones Universidad Simón Bolívar
Facultad de Administración y Negocios
Facultad de Administración y Negocios
Resumen
La comunidad indígena Yukpa desde el año 2015, se ha visto obligada a dejar la serranía en el estado Zulia – Venezuela a causa de las dificultades biopsicosociales que afectan el hermano país, la migración hace que tengan barreras en la accesibilidad de los servicios de salud, aunque esta la ley estatutaria N0.1751 de 2015, que regula el derecho fundamental a la salud. Esta comunidad indígena, no puede acceder a estos beneficios porque no son reconocidos como una etnia. Los grupos étnicos en Colombia son los que generan la diversidad a la población. Según la Constitución Política de Colombia de 1991 Artículo 7 “el estado reconoce y protege la diversidad étnica y cultural de la nación colombiana”. Artículo 8 “es obligación del estado y de las personas proteger las riquezas culturales y naturales de la nación”. De acuerdo con las políticas de operaciones del Banco Mundial 2020, se establece que existen alrededor de 476 millones de indígenas en el mundo dispersos en al menos 90 países, constituyendo el 6% de la población mundial. El promedio de vida de estas comunidades es 20 años menor en comparación con las otras comunidades no indígenas. Se tiene como objetivo el diseño de una propuesta de salud intercultural para los Yukpa residente en la ciudad de Cúcuta, con la finalidad de mejorar la accesibilidad a estos servicios, la dificultad de la lengua y costumbres son las primeras barreras, si se reconocen a los Yukpas como una etnia se mitigarán los riesgos de enfermedades infectocontagiosas que pueden en su momento llegar a afectar la comunidad que los rodea. La metodología empleada es una investigación mixta con enfoque deductivo, implementándose como herramienta el guión de entrevista uso de la guía para grupos focales o círculos de la palabra del Ministerio de salud y Protección social 2015, la cual se desarrolló en dos fases, en la primera etapa se hizo el acercamiento con la comunidad ubicando a los informantes claves, en la segunda fase se hizo la recolección de la información por medio de entrevistas semiestructurada, diario de observación y base de datos de las entidades de salud que han realizado intervenciones a esta comunidad. Resultados: la edad predominante de 0 – 4 años con un 22.9% el género femenino 63.5%, la actividad económica reciclaje, el 100% de la población se encuentra en riesgo de presentar una enfermedad relacionada con los determinantes de la salud por su vulnerabilidad, la alimentación de esta comunidad se basa en cereales, harinas y algunas carnes lo cual conlleva a casos de desnutrición en la población infantil, el déficit de servicios públicos y controles de salud en el paso migratorio ponen en riesgo la comunidad que se encuentra cerca al entorno donde habitan los Yukpa, concluyendo que en la actualidad no se cuenta con un modelo de intervención a comunidades étnicas binacionales, generando vulnerabilidad de los derechos de las dos comunidades, conllevando a la necesidad de aplicar el modelo intercultural para intervenir en los casos de interés en salud pública de la población Yukpa que habita en la ciudad de Cúcuta y que se encuentra en constante migración al interior de otras ciudades del territorio nacional, reduciendo la inequidad en la atención de los servicios de salud optimizando el acceso para que puedan ser atendidos de manera oportuna logrando así el control de la problemática en salud
Since 2015, the Yukpa indigenous community has been forced to leave the mountainous area at Zulia State in Venezuela because of the bio psychosocial difficulties that affect the fellow country, then migration, causes them to face barriers in the accessibility of health services, although there is a statutory law NO.1751 of 2015, which regulates the fundamental right to health. This indigenous community cannot access these benefits because they are not recognized as an ethnic group. The ethnic groups in Colombia are the ones that generate the diversity to the population. According to the Political Constitution of Colombia of 1991 Article 7, "the state recognizes and protects the ethnic and cultural diversity of the Colombian nation". Article 8, "it is the obligation of the State and of the people to protect the cultural and natural wealth of the nation" According to the World Bank's 2020 operating policies, it is established that there are around 476 million indigenous people in the world scattered in at least 90 countries, constituting 6% of the world's population. The average life span of these communities is 20 years younger compared to the other non-indigenous communities. The objective is to design an intercultural health proposal for the Yukpa residing at Cucuta city, in order to improve accessibility to these services, the difficulty of language and customs are the first rising barriers, if the Yukpas are recognized as an ethnic group, the risks of infectious diseases that may eventually affect the community that surrounds them will be mitigated. The methodology used is a mixed research with a deductive approach, implementing as a tool the interview script using the guide for focus groups or circles of the word of the Ministry of Health and Social Protection 2015, which was developed in two phases, applied was developed in two moments, first, the community´s approach by locating the key informants, second, the data collection through semi-structured interviews, observation diary and the database of health entities which have carried out interventions in this community. Results: the predominant ages are 0 - 4 years with a 22.9% and female gender with a 63.5%, the economic activity is recycling and 100% of the population is at risk of experience an illness related to the determinants of health due to their vulnerability; the food of this community is based on cereals, flours and some meats which leads to cases of malnutrition in the child population, the deficit of public services and health controls in the migratory passage put at risk the community that is close to the environment where the Yukpa live, concluding that, at present there is no model of intervention to binational ethnic communities, generating vulnerability of the rights of the two communities, leading to the need to apply the intercultural model to intervene in cases of interest in public health of the Yukpa population that lives in the city of Cúcuta and that is in constant migration to the interior of other cities of the national territory, reducing the inequity in the care of health services by optimizing access so that they can be treated in a timely manner, thus achieving control of the health problem
Since 2015, the Yukpa indigenous community has been forced to leave the mountainous area at Zulia State in Venezuela because of the bio psychosocial difficulties that affect the fellow country, then migration, causes them to face barriers in the accessibility of health services, although there is a statutory law NO.1751 of 2015, which regulates the fundamental right to health. This indigenous community cannot access these benefits because they are not recognized as an ethnic group. The ethnic groups in Colombia are the ones that generate the diversity to the population. According to the Political Constitution of Colombia of 1991 Article 7, "the state recognizes and protects the ethnic and cultural diversity of the Colombian nation". Article 8, "it is the obligation of the State and of the people to protect the cultural and natural wealth of the nation" According to the World Bank's 2020 operating policies, it is established that there are around 476 million indigenous people in the world scattered in at least 90 countries, constituting 6% of the world's population. The average life span of these communities is 20 years younger compared to the other non-indigenous communities. The objective is to design an intercultural health proposal for the Yukpa residing at Cucuta city, in order to improve accessibility to these services, the difficulty of language and customs are the first rising barriers, if the Yukpas are recognized as an ethnic group, the risks of infectious diseases that may eventually affect the community that surrounds them will be mitigated. The methodology used is a mixed research with a deductive approach, implementing as a tool the interview script using the guide for focus groups or circles of the word of the Ministry of Health and Social Protection 2015, which was developed in two phases, applied was developed in two moments, first, the community´s approach by locating the key informants, second, the data collection through semi-structured interviews, observation diary and the database of health entities which have carried out interventions in this community. Results: the predominant ages are 0 - 4 years with a 22.9% and female gender with a 63.5%, the economic activity is recycling and 100% of the population is at risk of experience an illness related to the determinants of health due to their vulnerability; the food of this community is based on cereals, flours and some meats which leads to cases of malnutrition in the child population, the deficit of public services and health controls in the migratory passage put at risk the community that is close to the environment where the Yukpa live, concluding that, at present there is no model of intervention to binational ethnic communities, generating vulnerability of the rights of the two communities, leading to the need to apply the intercultural model to intervene in cases of interest in public health of the Yukpa population that lives in the city of Cúcuta and that is in constant migration to the interior of other cities of the national territory, reducing the inequity in the care of health services by optimizing access so that they can be treated in a timely manner, thus achieving control of the health problem
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Palabras clave
Interculturalidad, Determinantes, Etnia, Desnutrición, Modelo, Interculturality, Determinants, Ethnicity, Malnutrition, Model
