Estrategias de afrontamiento para mantener el equilibrio entre recursos y demandas utilizadas por las familias con un miembro diagnosticado con autismo
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2008
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Ediciones Universidad Simón Bolívar
Facultad de Ciencias Jurídicas y Sociales
Facultad de Ciencias Jurídicas y Sociales
Resumen
La familia es la primera instancia socializadora que propende por el desarrollo psicosocial de cada uno de sus miembros, de allí que, todo ser humano necesita de su familia, no solo para crecer, desarrollarse y pedir ayuda, sino también para formar su personalidad y moldear sus conductas que le ayuden a identificarse como ser único, así como a interactuar con todos los miembros de la familia. Cuando se presenta un desorden tan complejo como lo es el autismo, la familia desarrollará una serie de conductas únicas para poder enfrentar este factor entrópico, a estas conductas se les conoce como estrategias de afrontamiento, que según Hernández (1999) es aquel esfuerzo específico, abierto o encubierto, por el cual un individuo o familia como grupo intenta reducir una demanda o exigencia. Estas estrategias se pueden categorizar según Feurstein y Cols (1986) con base en el método usado, en donde las respuestas son activas o evitativas; y la focalización de las respuestas que pueden estar orientadas hacia la resolución del problema o hacia el control de las emociones.
El proyecto de investigación tiene con fin describir las estrategias de afrontamiento para mantener el equilibrio entre recursos y demandas utilizadas por las familias con un miembro diagnosticado con autismo, la muestra seleccionada fue de nueve familias con un miembro diagnosticado con autismo, asistidos el Centro de Capacitación Especial “CENCAES”.
La investigación esta enmarcada bajo el paradigma histórico hermenéutico, que según Sabino (1996) fija su atención en los aspectos y significados que tienen las personas sobre su realidad. El enfoque de la investigación es el fenomenológico. La modalidad empleada es el estudio de caso, para Sabino (1996) “es el estudio profundizado y exhaustivo de uno o muy pocos objetos de investigación, lo que permite obtener un conocimiento amplio y detallado de los mismos”. La información de este estudio se recolectara mediante la utilización de la guía de entrevista semi-estructurada, conformada por 31 preguntas abiertas que constituirán una herramienta útil para reunir información relevante acerca de las estrategias de afrontamiento utilizadas por el sistema familiar. Del mismo modo se utilizará la historia clínica, la cual permitirá conocer los diferentes aspectos de la vida de un miembro de la familia diagnosticado con autismo, de la familia misma y su interacción que se ha visto afectada por la presencia del espectro autista. Y finalmente la observación, esta técnica se utilizó para tener un contacto con las familias y para percibir aquellas estrategias utilizadas por sus miembros.
Como resultados de la investigación tenemos que ocho de las nueve familias utilizan los recursos personales , familiares y de la comunidad para hacerle frente a las demandas que surgen como consecuencia del diagnostico de autismo y sus emociones han sido manejadas de forma sana y positiva, solo una de las familias presenta dificultades en cuanto a la aceptación y adaptación de sus miembros con respecto al diagnostico, a esta misma familia se les dificulta el control de las emociones negativas siendo este otro aspecto que afecta su equilibrio familiar. Las estructuras de organización y poder como son los roles, jerarquías, limites y funciones se han visto modificadas como consecuencia del diagnostico y su nueva distribución esta dada de tal forma que se pueda enfrentar el factor entrópico que amenaza el equilibrio del sistema familiar.
The family is the first socialization instance that it tends for the psychosocial development of each members, of there that, everything human being needs from his (family, not only to grow, to develop and to ask for help him but also to form his personality and to mold his conducts that they help him identify like to be an only one, as well as to interact with all the members of the family. When one presents a disorder as complex as it is the autism, the family will develop a series of the only conducts to be able to face this factor entropic, to these conducts they are known as strategies of confrontation, which according to Hernandez (1999) is that specific, opened or concealed effort, for which an individual or family like group tries to reduce a demand or exigency. These strategies can be categorized according to Feuerstein and Cols (1986) by base in the secondhand method, where the answers are active the focalization of the answers that can be orientated towards the resolution of the problem or towards the control of the emotions. The project of research has with end purpose describe the strategies of confrontation to support the balance between resources and demands lawsuits used by the families with a member diagnosed with autism, the selected sample was nine families with a member diagnosed with autism, represented the Center of Special Training "CENCAES". The investigation research framed under the historical hermeneutic paradigm, that according to fixed Sabino (1996) attention in the aspects and meanings that they have the persons on reality. The approach of the research is the phenomenological. The used modality is the study of case, for Sabino (1996) “it is the deepened and exhaustive study of one or very few objects of research, which allows obtaining a wide and detailed knowledge. The information of this study was gathered by means of the utilization of the guide of interview semi-constructed, shaped by 31 opened questions that will constitute a useful tool to assemble relevant information it brings over of the strategies of confrontation used by the familiar system. In the same way there will be in use the clinical history, which will allow knowing the different aspects of the life of a member of the family of the family itself and interaction that has met affected by the presence of the autistic spectrum. And finally the observation, this technique was in use for having a contact with the families and for perceiving those strategies used by members. Since results of the investigation we have that eight of nine families use the personal, familiar resources and of the community to face him the demands that arise as consequence of the diagnosis of autism and emotions they have been handled of healthy and positive form, only one of the families presents difficulties as for the acceptance and adjustment of his members with regard to the diagnosis, the same family they To the same family they there is impeded the control of the negative emotions being this another aspect that affects familiar balance. The structures of organization and power since they are the roles, hierarchies, limits and functions have met modified as consequence of the diagnosis and new this given distribution in such a way that the factor could face entropic that threatens the balance of the familiar system.
The family is the first socialization instance that it tends for the psychosocial development of each members, of there that, everything human being needs from his (family, not only to grow, to develop and to ask for help him but also to form his personality and to mold his conducts that they help him identify like to be an only one, as well as to interact with all the members of the family. When one presents a disorder as complex as it is the autism, the family will develop a series of the only conducts to be able to face this factor entropic, to these conducts they are known as strategies of confrontation, which according to Hernandez (1999) is that specific, opened or concealed effort, for which an individual or family like group tries to reduce a demand or exigency. These strategies can be categorized according to Feuerstein and Cols (1986) by base in the secondhand method, where the answers are active the focalization of the answers that can be orientated towards the resolution of the problem or towards the control of the emotions. The project of research has with end purpose describe the strategies of confrontation to support the balance between resources and demands lawsuits used by the families with a member diagnosed with autism, the selected sample was nine families with a member diagnosed with autism, represented the Center of Special Training "CENCAES". The investigation research framed under the historical hermeneutic paradigm, that according to fixed Sabino (1996) attention in the aspects and meanings that they have the persons on reality. The approach of the research is the phenomenological. The used modality is the study of case, for Sabino (1996) “it is the deepened and exhaustive study of one or very few objects of research, which allows obtaining a wide and detailed knowledge. The information of this study was gathered by means of the utilization of the guide of interview semi-constructed, shaped by 31 opened questions that will constitute a useful tool to assemble relevant information it brings over of the strategies of confrontation used by the familiar system. In the same way there will be in use the clinical history, which will allow knowing the different aspects of the life of a member of the family of the family itself and interaction that has met affected by the presence of the autistic spectrum. And finally the observation, this technique was in use for having a contact with the families and for perceiving those strategies used by members. Since results of the investigation we have that eight of nine families use the personal, familiar resources and of the community to face him the demands that arise as consequence of the diagnosis of autism and emotions they have been handled of healthy and positive form, only one of the families presents difficulties as for the acceptance and adjustment of his members with regard to the diagnosis, the same family they To the same family they there is impeded the control of the negative emotions being this another aspect that affects familiar balance. The structures of organization and power since they are the roles, hierarchies, limits and functions have met modified as consequence of the diagnosis and new this given distribution in such a way that the factor could face entropic that threatens the balance of the familiar system.
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Palabras clave
Estrategias, Afrontamiento, Autismo, Familia, Demandas, Recursos, Equilibrio, Strategies, Confrontation, Autism, Family, Demands, Resources, Balance