Nociones de “víctima” en la implementación de la ley de víctimas en el municipio de Los Patios, Norte de Santander entre 2020 y 2022
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Fecha
2023
Autores
Ramírez Villamizar, Elizabeth
Peña Vásquez, Jesús Urley
Jaimes Rodríguez, Luz Mileidy
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Ediciones Universidad Simón Bolívar
Facultad de Administración y Negocios
Facultad de Administración y Negocios
Resumen
En el texto se aborda la aplicación de la Ley de Víctimas en el municipio de Los Patios, Norte de Santander. El acercamiento investigativo buscar reunir las nociones de víctima desde la experiencia de la propia población víctima, los funcionarios de la Alcaldía que trabajan con esta población, los documentos oficiales normativos y la documentación local.
Antecedentes: En la historia republicana de Colombia han estado presentes casi de forma interrumpida conflictos sociales y políticos que han dejado cientos de miles de víctimas. Al no haber un hecho histórico que establezca el inicio del conflicto.
También no es de suma la complejidad determinar qué acciones se relación con el conflicto armado. De hecho, en el fondo de está la pervivencia de la violencia en la mayoría de los ámbitos de la cotidianidad. La Ley 1448 de 2011, más conocida como Ley de Víctimas, permitió que en Colombia se generara por parte del Estado todo un esquema de protección, reparación y restitución de quienes han sido víctimas del conflicto armado interno. La implementación de este paquete legislativo ha quedado a nivel local a cargo de las administraciones municipales. Uno de los conceptos fundamentales tanto en el diseño como en la implementación de dicha Ley, es el de “víctima”.
Objetivos: Realizar una revisión del concepto de víctima en la implementación de la Ley de Víctimas en el municipio de Los Patios, Norte de Santander entre 2020 y 2022
Materiales y Métodos: Desde el paradigma cualitativo con una postura hermenéutica se hace un paralelo en el que se adelanta un proceso de entrevista semiestructurada a tres personas que se reconocen como víctimas del conflicto armado, y a tres funcionarios de la alcaldía. Además, se analizan los documentos proferidos por el Estado, así como de los procesos adelantados y documentados por la administración municipal del Municipio de Los Patios.
Resultados: La triangulación de la información permitió identificar cómo la noción de “víctima” está en ocasiones en función de los beneficios que les otorga la Ley, para lo cual se sugiere una revisión de la efectividad y los alcances reales de los beneficios y ayudas otorgados por el Estado. En cuanto al concepto de víctima se han identificado varios ámbitos de análisis. El primero es la delimitación temporal y espacial con relación al conflicto armado colombiano. El segundo es al de lo que implica la condición de víctima para la persona misma, su situación más personal. El tercero es el de cómo el Estado opera en función de esta persona, los beneficios y programas que tiene para ellas, y en esto hace parte la visión que los funcionarios de la administración municipal tienen del concepto. Y por último el del proceso de superación o abandono de esta condición, o sea la posibilidad de que la persona diga que ella en un momento de su vida fue víctima del conflicto armado, pero que esa situación ya se superó.
Conclusiones: La cuestión es que la permanencia de las personas en el estatus de víctima es la que puede generarle unos ingresos económicos. Esto contrasta con el principio de la buena fe establecido por la ley. El Estado ha colocado unos controles, una regulación que evita hasta cierto punto que una persona abuse del programa, pero no siempre se logra que quienes entren en el proceso, sean realmente los necesitados. Ese es el problema del autorreconocimiento, pues así como no todas las víctimas accederán a los beneficios, sí terminarán haciéndolo quienes no han sufrido hechos victimizantes.
Uno de los aspectos fundamentales a tener en cuenta, y que puede volverse una constante de análisis para futuros procesos de revisión de la implementación de la
ley de víctimas, es el de la efectividad real del programa, pues no son pocas las personas que acceden a los servicios, sólo por el hecho de que allí hay una fuente de recursos aprovechables. En este sentido, se corre el riesgo de que la persona asuma su condición de víctima en tanto y en cuanto entiende que se puede lucrar. A lo anterior la Ley de Víctimas estipula el principio de la buena fe. Este es un tanto problemático, particularmente cuando se evidencia que la población víctima no es un colectivo homogéneo, sino que en él convergen diversos intereses.
En municipios, como el caso de Los Patios, por su condición geoestratégica tienen un mayor flujo de población víctima. Es así que en estos lugares se requiere de una mayor asesoría por parte de los entes nacionales encargados.
Por último, siguen siendo determinantes los acompañamientos de las organizaciones y colectivos de víctimas, pues ellos ofrecen una postura distinta a la estatal y gubernamental.
Recoger sus sugerencias y aportes enriquecerá el proceso. Del mismo modo, en el caso de la Alcaldía de Los Patios, son oportunos ejercicios de revisión en cuanto a la aplicación de la Ley de Víctimas, de forma que se prioricen las necesidades a atender, y se cualifique mejor el recurso logístico, financiero y el de personal.
The text addresses the application of the Victims Law in the municipality of Los Patios, Norte de Santander. The investigative approach seeks to gather the notions of victim from the experience of the victim population itself, the officials of the Mayor's Office who work with this population, official regulatory documents and local documentation. Background: In the republican history of Colombia, social and political conflicts that have left hundreds of thousands of victims have been present almost without interruption. In the absence of a historical fact that establishes the beginning of the conflict. It is also not extremely complex to determine which actions are related to the armed conflict. In fact, at the bottom of it is the survival of violence in most areas of daily life. Law 1448 of 2011, better known as the Victims Law, allowed the State to generate a whole protection, reparation and restitution scheme for those who have been victims of the internal armed conflict. The implementation of this legislative package has been left at the local level in charge of the municipal administrations. One of the fundamental concepts both in the design and in the implementation of said Law is that of “victim”. Objective: Carry out a review of the concept of victim in the implementation of the Victims Law in the municipality of Los Patios, Norte de Santander between 2020 and 2022 Materials and Methods: From the qualitative paradigm with a hermeneutic position, a parallel is made in which a semi-structured interview process is carried out with three people who are recognized as victims of the armed conflict, and three officials from the mayor's office. In addition, the documents issued by the State are analyzed, as well as the processes carried out and documented by the municipal administration of the Municipality of Los Patios. Results: The triangulation of the information made it possible to identify how the notion of "victim" is sometimes based on the benefits granted by the Law, for which a review of the effectiveness and real scope of the benefits and aid granted is suggested. For the state. Regarding the concept of victim, several areas of analysis have been identified. The first is the temporal and spatial delimitation in relation to the Colombian armed conflict. The second is that of what the condition of victim implies for the person himself, his most personal situation. The third is how the State operates based on this person, the benefits and programs it has for them, and this is part of the vision that municipal administration officials have of the concept. And finally, the process of overcoming or abandoning this condition, that is, the possibility of the person saying that at one point in her life she was a victim of the armed conflict, but that this situation has already been overcome. Conclusions: The question is that the permanence of people in the status of victim is what can generate economic income. This contrasts with the principle of good faith established by law. The State has placed some controls, a regulation that prevents a person from abusing the program to a certain extent, but it is not always possible for those who enter the process to be really those in need. That is the problem of self-recognition, because just as not all victims will access the benefits, those who have not suffered victimizing acts will end up doing so. One of the fundamental aspects to take into account, and which may become a constant of analysis for future review processes of the implementation of the law for victims, is the real effectiveness of the program, since there are many people who have access to services, just because there is a source of usable resources there. In this sense, there is a risk that the person assumes the condition of her victim as long as he understands that he can profit. To the above, the Victims Law stipulates the principle of good faith. This is somewhat problematic, particularly when it becomes clear that the victim population is not a homogeneous group, but that various interests converge within it. In municipalities, such as the case of Los Patios, due to their geostrategic condition, they have a greater flow of victim population. Thus, in these places, greater advice is required from the national entities in charge. Finally, the accompaniment of the organizations and groups of victims continues to be decisive, since they offer a different position from the state and government. Collecting their suggestions and contributions will enrich the process. In the same way, in the case of the Mayor's Office of Los Patios, review exercises regarding the application of the Victims Law are opportune, so that the needs to be addressed are prioritized, and the logistical, financial and the staff one.
The text addresses the application of the Victims Law in the municipality of Los Patios, Norte de Santander. The investigative approach seeks to gather the notions of victim from the experience of the victim population itself, the officials of the Mayor's Office who work with this population, official regulatory documents and local documentation. Background: In the republican history of Colombia, social and political conflicts that have left hundreds of thousands of victims have been present almost without interruption. In the absence of a historical fact that establishes the beginning of the conflict. It is also not extremely complex to determine which actions are related to the armed conflict. In fact, at the bottom of it is the survival of violence in most areas of daily life. Law 1448 of 2011, better known as the Victims Law, allowed the State to generate a whole protection, reparation and restitution scheme for those who have been victims of the internal armed conflict. The implementation of this legislative package has been left at the local level in charge of the municipal administrations. One of the fundamental concepts both in the design and in the implementation of said Law is that of “victim”. Objective: Carry out a review of the concept of victim in the implementation of the Victims Law in the municipality of Los Patios, Norte de Santander between 2020 and 2022 Materials and Methods: From the qualitative paradigm with a hermeneutic position, a parallel is made in which a semi-structured interview process is carried out with three people who are recognized as victims of the armed conflict, and three officials from the mayor's office. In addition, the documents issued by the State are analyzed, as well as the processes carried out and documented by the municipal administration of the Municipality of Los Patios. Results: The triangulation of the information made it possible to identify how the notion of "victim" is sometimes based on the benefits granted by the Law, for which a review of the effectiveness and real scope of the benefits and aid granted is suggested. For the state. Regarding the concept of victim, several areas of analysis have been identified. The first is the temporal and spatial delimitation in relation to the Colombian armed conflict. The second is that of what the condition of victim implies for the person himself, his most personal situation. The third is how the State operates based on this person, the benefits and programs it has for them, and this is part of the vision that municipal administration officials have of the concept. And finally, the process of overcoming or abandoning this condition, that is, the possibility of the person saying that at one point in her life she was a victim of the armed conflict, but that this situation has already been overcome. Conclusions: The question is that the permanence of people in the status of victim is what can generate economic income. This contrasts with the principle of good faith established by law. The State has placed some controls, a regulation that prevents a person from abusing the program to a certain extent, but it is not always possible for those who enter the process to be really those in need. That is the problem of self-recognition, because just as not all victims will access the benefits, those who have not suffered victimizing acts will end up doing so. One of the fundamental aspects to take into account, and which may become a constant of analysis for future review processes of the implementation of the law for victims, is the real effectiveness of the program, since there are many people who have access to services, just because there is a source of usable resources there. In this sense, there is a risk that the person assumes the condition of her victim as long as he understands that he can profit. To the above, the Victims Law stipulates the principle of good faith. This is somewhat problematic, particularly when it becomes clear that the victim population is not a homogeneous group, but that various interests converge within it. In municipalities, such as the case of Los Patios, due to their geostrategic condition, they have a greater flow of victim population. Thus, in these places, greater advice is required from the national entities in charge. Finally, the accompaniment of the organizations and groups of victims continues to be decisive, since they offer a different position from the state and government. Collecting their suggestions and contributions will enrich the process. In the same way, in the case of the Mayor's Office of Los Patios, review exercises regarding the application of the Victims Law are opportune, so that the needs to be addressed are prioritized, and the logistical, financial and the staff one.
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Palabras clave
Conflicto armado, Implementación del acuerdo de paz, Ley de víctimas, Restitución, Víctima, Armed conflict, Implementation of the Peace Agreement, Restitution, Victim, Victims law