Valoración judicial de la prueba de referencia según la Jurisprudencia de la Corte Suprema de Justicia en su Sala de Casación Penal período 2015 a 2021
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Fecha
2023
Autores
García Limas, Jorge Enrique
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Ediciones Universidad Simón Bolívar
Facultad de Ciencias Jurídicas y Sociales
Facultad de Ciencias Jurídicas y Sociales
Resumen
El presente documento tuvo como objetivo analizar la valoración judicial de la prueba de referencia según la jurisprudencia de la Corte Suprema de Justicia en su Sala de Casación Penal. Se parte de la problemática identificada donde se reconoce que, a pesar de existir lineamientos claros de materia de Ley y Código de Proceso Penal, así como jurisprudencia que da claridad a temas primordiales habiendo transcurrido diez años de su incorporación normativa en el país, las dificultades para su valoración persisten dando lugar a errores que generan un nuevo ciclo de interpretación y reforzamiento de lo ya expresado con anterioridad por la alta corte.
Para tal efecto, la metodología del estudio se basó en el paradigma interpretativo con enfoque de investigación jurídica y con diseño cualitativo, teniendo en cuenta su relación y relevancia para el objeto de estudio. Cabe destacar que la población correspondió a la jurisprudencia emanada de la Corte Suprema de Justicia en su Sala de Casación Penal que al ser numerosa se centró en la jurisprudencia catalogada como relevante por la relatoría de este ente la cual asciende a un total de 474 providencias desde el año 2007 hasta el 2022; teniendo en cuenta la delimitación temporal de la investigación años 2015 a 2021 la muestra selecciona estuvo conformada por 88 providencias de las cuales 66 fueron sentencias y 22 autos interlocutorios. La recolección y análisis de los datos se realizó mediante las técnicas de revisión documental y análisis documental, teniendo como instrumento la ficha de análisis jurisprudencial.
Los resultados se detallaron de acuerdo al cumplimiento de los tres objetivos específicos establecidos. En primer lugar, se identificó que entre los elementos que caracterizan la prueba de referencia se destacan tres que son estructurales y que han ocupado tanto el interés de la jurisprudencia como de expertos en el tema, éstos son: 1) Declaración de persona (oral o escrita) y fuera del juicio oral; 2) Versar sobre aspectos/asuntos relevantes del caso percibidos u observados directamente y 3) Necesidad de contar con medio de prueba que la corrobore. En segundo lugar, la existencia de tres tesis frente a la prueba de referencia tienen implícito una finalidad particular, la tesis de admitirla siempre busca brindar todos los medios de conocimiento para la justicia material, la tesis negarla siempre tiene como meta garantizar los principios de la prueba en lo referente a inmediación y contradicción y, la tesis admitirla excepcionalmente le otorga un valor probatorio menguado bajo condicionamientos legales establecidos donde la regla general es la inadmisión. Esta última tesis es la que adopta el sistema penal colombiano donde además existe la tarifa legal negativa, haciendo que la admisión de la prueba de referencia en el país tenga como punto de partida el respeto a las reglas generales de la prueba donde los requerimientos procedimentales de descubrimiento, probatoria, demostrar su excepcionalidad e incorporación se enmarcan en elementos englobadores que tiene su base en las restricciones consagradas en la ley y explicitadas en la jurisprudencia. En tercer lugar, se pudo establecer que la Corte Suprema de Justicia en su Sala de Casación Penal en el periodo objeto de estudio reguló sobre la valoración de la prueba de referencia en 7 aspectos, así: 1) Admisibilidad, 2) Características; 3) Derecho de Confrontación, 4) Descubrimiento Probatorio, 5) Medios para Probar su Existencia, 6) Valor Probatorio y 7) Versiones anteriores al juicio que constituyen prueba de referencia.
Se concluye en primer lugar que la admisión de la prueba de referencia desde su inclusión en el CPP ha sido objeto de controversia especialmente en lo referente a los principios de inmediación y contradicción, las causales que demuestran su excepcionalidad, así como su pertinencia y utilidad dentro de los procesos. Esto ha sido regulado por la CSJ Sala de Casación Penal dando lugar a jurisprudencia que proporciona lineamientos claros para su admisión. En segundo lugar, la importancia que la prueba de referencia tiene para la protección a menores de edad, especialmente en casos de violencia sexual donde para evitar la doble victimización se reconoce el valor probatorio y la credibilidad de sus testimonios y se prioriza el principio Pro Infans, asunto incluido reiteradamente en la jurisprudencia y que se convierte en directriz a seguir. En tercer lugar, la jurisprudencia es clara en que la base de la administración de justicia es el EQUILIBRIO, por lo que se enfatiza en que la valoración de la prueba de referencia se convierte en un pilar para la garantía de los derechos de las partes, el debido proceso y la presunción de inocencia. En cuarto lugar, está el llamado a superar los yerros en materia de valoración de la prueba de referencia, pues si ésta se hace en los términos de ley y lo regulado por la jurisprudencia se puede dar cumplimiento a su tarifa legal negativa o superarla mediante su valoración conjunta con otras pruebas y la observancia de los principios y reglas de la prueba. En este sentido la jurisprudencia de la Sala de Casación Penal CJS ha jugado un papel relevante reconociendo falencias o vacíos, pero también resaltando los errores de juicio valorativo que llevan al menoscabo del avance legal alcanzado con la inclusión de la prueba de referencia en el ordenamiento jurídico colombiano.
The objective of this document was to analyze the judicial assessment of the reference test according to the jurisprudence of the Supreme Court of Justice in its Criminal Cassation Chamber. It starts from the problem identified where it is recognized that, despite the existence of clear guidelines on the subject of Law and the Code of Criminal Procedure, as well as jurisprudence that gives clarity to essential issues, ten years after its legal incorporation in the country, the difficulties for their assessment they persist, giving rise to errors that generate a new cycle of interpretation and reinforcement of what has already been expressed previously by the high court. The results were detailed according to the fulfillment of the three specific objectives established. In the first place, it was identified that among the elements that characterize the reference test, three stand out that are structural and that have occupied the interest of both jurisprudence and experts on the subject, these are: 1) Personal statement (oral or written) and outside the oral trial; 2) Deal with relevant aspects/issues of the case directly perceived or observed and 3) Need to have means of proof to corroborate it. Secondly, the existence of three theses against the reference test have an implicit particular purpose, the thesis of admitting it always seeks to provide all the means of knowledge for material justice, the thesis of denying it always has the goal of guaranteeing the principles of proof in relation to immediacy and contradiction and, admitting the thesis exceptionally gives it a diminished probative value under established legal conditions where the general rule is inadmissibility. This last thesis is the one adopted by the Colombian penal system where there is also a negative legal rate, making the admission of the reference test in the country have as its starting point respect for the general rules of the test where the procedural requirements of discovery, evidence, demonstrating its exceptionality and incorporation are framed in encompassing elements that are based on the restrictions enshrined in the law and explicit in the jurisprudence. Thirdly, it was possible to establish that the Supreme Court of Justice in its Criminal Cassation Chamber in the period under study regulated the assessment of the reference test in 7 aspects, as follows: 1) Admissibility, 2) Characteristics; 3) Right of Confrontation, 4) Probative Discovery, 5) Means to Prove its Existence, 6) Probative Value and 7) Versions prior to the trial that constitute reference evidence. In the first place, it is concluded that the admission of the reference test since its inclusion in the CPP has been the subject of controversy, especially with regard to the principles of immediacy and contradiction, the grounds that demonstrate its exceptionality, as well as its relevance and usefulness within of the processes. This has been regulated by the CSJ Criminal Cassation Chamber, giving rise to jurisprudence that provides clear guidelines for its admission. Secondly, the importance that the reference test has for the protection of minors, especially in cases of sexual violence where, in order to avoid double victimization, the probative value and credibility of their testimonies are recognized and the Pro Infans principle is prioritized. , a matter repeatedly included in the jurisprudence and which becomes a guideline to follow. Third, the jurisprudence is clear that the basis of the administration of justice is BALANCE, which is why it is emphasized that the assessment of the reference test becomes a pillar for the guarantee of the rights of the parties, due process and the presumption of innocence. Fourthly, there is the call to overcome the errors in the evaluation of the reference test, because if this is done in the terms of the law and what is regulated by the jurisprudence, its negative legal fee can be complied with or exceeded by means of its joint evaluation with other tests and the observance of the principles and rules of the test. In this sense, the jurisprudence of the CJS Criminal Cassation Chamber has played an important role, recognizing shortcomings or gaps, but also highlighting the errors in value judgment that undermine the legal progress achieved with the inclusion of the reference test in the legal system. Colombian
The objective of this document was to analyze the judicial assessment of the reference test according to the jurisprudence of the Supreme Court of Justice in its Criminal Cassation Chamber. It starts from the problem identified where it is recognized that, despite the existence of clear guidelines on the subject of Law and the Code of Criminal Procedure, as well as jurisprudence that gives clarity to essential issues, ten years after its legal incorporation in the country, the difficulties for their assessment they persist, giving rise to errors that generate a new cycle of interpretation and reinforcement of what has already been expressed previously by the high court. The results were detailed according to the fulfillment of the three specific objectives established. In the first place, it was identified that among the elements that characterize the reference test, three stand out that are structural and that have occupied the interest of both jurisprudence and experts on the subject, these are: 1) Personal statement (oral or written) and outside the oral trial; 2) Deal with relevant aspects/issues of the case directly perceived or observed and 3) Need to have means of proof to corroborate it. Secondly, the existence of three theses against the reference test have an implicit particular purpose, the thesis of admitting it always seeks to provide all the means of knowledge for material justice, the thesis of denying it always has the goal of guaranteeing the principles of proof in relation to immediacy and contradiction and, admitting the thesis exceptionally gives it a diminished probative value under established legal conditions where the general rule is inadmissibility. This last thesis is the one adopted by the Colombian penal system where there is also a negative legal rate, making the admission of the reference test in the country have as its starting point respect for the general rules of the test where the procedural requirements of discovery, evidence, demonstrating its exceptionality and incorporation are framed in encompassing elements that are based on the restrictions enshrined in the law and explicit in the jurisprudence. Thirdly, it was possible to establish that the Supreme Court of Justice in its Criminal Cassation Chamber in the period under study regulated the assessment of the reference test in 7 aspects, as follows: 1) Admissibility, 2) Characteristics; 3) Right of Confrontation, 4) Probative Discovery, 5) Means to Prove its Existence, 6) Probative Value and 7) Versions prior to the trial that constitute reference evidence. In the first place, it is concluded that the admission of the reference test since its inclusion in the CPP has been the subject of controversy, especially with regard to the principles of immediacy and contradiction, the grounds that demonstrate its exceptionality, as well as its relevance and usefulness within of the processes. This has been regulated by the CSJ Criminal Cassation Chamber, giving rise to jurisprudence that provides clear guidelines for its admission. Secondly, the importance that the reference test has for the protection of minors, especially in cases of sexual violence where, in order to avoid double victimization, the probative value and credibility of their testimonies are recognized and the Pro Infans principle is prioritized. , a matter repeatedly included in the jurisprudence and which becomes a guideline to follow. Third, the jurisprudence is clear that the basis of the administration of justice is BALANCE, which is why it is emphasized that the assessment of the reference test becomes a pillar for the guarantee of the rights of the parties, due process and the presumption of innocence. Fourthly, there is the call to overcome the errors in the evaluation of the reference test, because if this is done in the terms of the law and what is regulated by the jurisprudence, its negative legal fee can be complied with or exceeded by means of its joint evaluation with other tests and the observance of the principles and rules of the test. In this sense, the jurisprudence of the CJS Criminal Cassation Chamber has played an important role, recognizing shortcomings or gaps, but also highlighting the errors in value judgment that undermine the legal progress achieved with the inclusion of the reference test in the legal system. Colombian
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Palabras clave
Prueba de referencia, Valoración Judicial, Jurisprudencia, Derecho Penal, Tarifa legal negativa, Reference test, Judicial assessment, Jurisprudence, Criminal law, Negative legal fee
