Estrategias biotecnológicas en el tratamiento de aguas residuales: una revisión multidisciplinaria para sectores agroindustrial, hospitalario y minero
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Fecha
2025
Autores
Asendra Osorio, María Alejandra
Arjona Bonett, Natalia Sofia
De Alba Santiago, Mailen
Pinedo González, Shairat Mínela
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Ediciones Universidad Simón Bolívar
Facultad de Ciencias Básicas y Biomédicas
Facultad de Ciencias Básicas y Biomédicas
Resumen
La creciente demanda de agua y la contaminación antrópica en los sectores agroindustriales, mineros y hospitalarios han provocado una degradación significativa de los recursos hídricos, afectando la sostenibilidad de los ecosistemas y la salud pública.
A través de una revisión bibliográfica, se exploran estrategias biotecnológicas basadas en el aprovechamiento de microorganismos para la biodegradación de compuestos orgánicos, metales pesados y contaminantes químicos presentes en aguas residuales. Estas tecnologías no solo mejoran la calidad del agua tratada, sino que también contribuyen a la recuperación de ecosistemas dañados y a la reutilización sostenible del recurso hídrico. El objetivo de esta investigación es evaluar los procesos microbiológicos más eficaces, destacando su potencial para reducir los impactos ambientales y fomentar una gestión responsable de las aguas residuales en sectores estratégicos. A través de un enfoque multidisciplinario, se busca desarrollar soluciones innovadoras que respondan a los desafíos del cambio climático y garanticen la sostenibilidad hídrica a largo plazo. El presente trabajo de investigación aborda la importancia de las estrategias biotecnológicas en el tratamiento de aguas residuales generadas por los sectores agroindustrial, hospitalario y minero, frente al creciente impacto de la contaminación hídrica de origen antrópico. Se realizó una revisión bibliográfica exhaustiva entre agosto de 2024 y mayo de 2025, en la cual se analizaron 50artículos científicos, de los cuales se seleccionaron 12 estudios representativos (4por cada sector) según su relevancia, rigor metodológico y aplicabilidad biotecnológica.
The increasing demand for water and anthropogenic pollution in the agro-industrial, mining and hospital sectors have caused significant degradation of water resources, affecting the sustainability of ecosystems and public health. Through a literature review, biotechnological strategies based on the use of microorganisms for the biodegradation of organic compounds, heavy metals and chemical pollutants present in wastewater are explored. These technologies not only improve the quality of treated water but also contribute to the recovery of damaged ecosystems and the sustainable reuse of water resources. The objective of this research is to evaluate the most effective microbiological processes, highlighting their potential to mitigate environmental impacts and promote responsible wastewater management in key sectors. This multidisciplinary approach seeks to contribute to innovative solutions that respond to the challenges of climate change and ensure long-term water sustainability. This research work addresses the importance of biotechnological strategies in the treatment of wastewater generated by the agroindustrial, hospital and mining sectors, in the face of the growing impact of anthropogenic water pollution. An exhaustive bibliographic review was carried out between August 2024 and May 2025, in which 50 scientific articles were analyzed, from which 12 representative studies were selected (4 for each sector) according to their relevance, methodological rigor and biotechnological applicability.
The increasing demand for water and anthropogenic pollution in the agro-industrial, mining and hospital sectors have caused significant degradation of water resources, affecting the sustainability of ecosystems and public health. Through a literature review, biotechnological strategies based on the use of microorganisms for the biodegradation of organic compounds, heavy metals and chemical pollutants present in wastewater are explored. These technologies not only improve the quality of treated water but also contribute to the recovery of damaged ecosystems and the sustainable reuse of water resources. The objective of this research is to evaluate the most effective microbiological processes, highlighting their potential to mitigate environmental impacts and promote responsible wastewater management in key sectors. This multidisciplinary approach seeks to contribute to innovative solutions that respond to the challenges of climate change and ensure long-term water sustainability. This research work addresses the importance of biotechnological strategies in the treatment of wastewater generated by the agroindustrial, hospital and mining sectors, in the face of the growing impact of anthropogenic water pollution. An exhaustive bibliographic review was carried out between August 2024 and May 2025, in which 50 scientific articles were analyzed, from which 12 representative studies were selected (4 for each sector) according to their relevance, methodological rigor and biotechnological applicability.
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Palabras clave
Aguas residuales, Biorremediación, Microorganismos, Contaminación, Cambio climático
