Caracterización clínica y genética del síndrome Post-Covid-19 en pacientes atendidos en Barranquilla, Colombia, en los años 2020-2024
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Fecha
2025
Autores
Ferrer Sosa, Maira Alejandra
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Ediciones Universidad Simón Bolívar
Facultad de Ciencias Básicas y Biomédicas
Facultad de Ciencias Básicas y Biomédicas
Resumen
El Síndrome post-COVID-19 (PCS) se considera un problema de salud relevante para las personas que lo padecen, ya que presenta desafíos que incluyen síntomas que se prolongan en el tiempo y afectan significativamente la calidad de vida de las personas. Entre los síntomas más característicos se encuentran la fatiga, la confusión mental y los problemas respiratorios.
Tras cinco años del inicio de la pandemia de COVID-19, se llevó a cabo un estudio de diseño transversal, descriptivo y exploratorio en la ciudad de Barranquilla, Colombia, con el propósito principal de caracterizar clínicamente a los pacientes con síndrome post- COVID-19 (PCS) y explorar, de manera no inferencial, posibles patrones de variabilidad genética en el complejo mayor de histocompatibilidad. Para ello, se evaluaron los antígenos leucocitarios humanos (HLA), específicamente los alelos A, B, DQ y DR, con el fin de generar hipótesis sobre su potencial papel en la respuesta inmunológica asociada a este síndrome.
Para ello, se seleccionaron personas que cumplían con los criterios diagnósticos de síndrome post-COVID-19, es decir, pacientes con antecedente de infección aguda por SARSCoV2, confirmada por prueba molecular, y que presentaban sintomatología clínica persistente que no podía ser atribuida a otras causas clínicas. Posteriormente, se identificaron y analizaron sus perfiles genéticos, los cuales fueron comparados con los de individuos sanos, a fin de establecer diferencias o variantes de los alelos mencionados y a su vez contrastar los datos con otros estudios realizados en diferentes poblaciones. Entre los principales hallazgos, se identificó la fatiga como el síntoma más frecuente entre la población objeto de estudio. Sin embargo, se resaltó una presentación de manifestaciones clínicas multiorgánicas. Asimismo, se observó que las asociaciones genéticas son variables y pueden diferir entre las poblaciones, según la literatura. Esto sugiere que tanto los factores genéticos como otras variables adyacentes, incluidas las ambientales, pueden influir en el riesgo de desarrollar SPC. En esta población, las variaciones observadas en los alelos HLA-DR emergieron como un hallazgo de interés exploratorio que podría orientar la formulación de nuevas hipótesis sobre su posible vínculo con el síndrome post-COVID-19. No obstante, estos resultados deben interpretarse con cautela, dado que el diseño del estudio no permite establecer asociaciones ni inferencias causales.
Post-COVID-19 syndrome (PCS) is recognized as a significant health concern, as it involves persistent symptoms that substantially affect patients' quality of life. The most commonly reported manifestations include fatigue, cognitive impairment (‘brain fog’), and respiratory difficulties Five years after the onset of the COVID-19 pandemic, a cross-sectional, descriptive, and exploratory study was conducted in Barranquilla, Colombia, with the primary aim of clinically characterizing patients with post-COVID-19 syndrome (PCS) and exploring, in a non-inferential way, potential patterns of genetic variability within the major histocompatibility complex. To this end, human leukocyte antigen (HLA) alleles A, B, DQ, and DR were examined to generate hypotheses about their potential role in immune responses associated with this condition. Individuals who met the diagnostic criteria for PCS were selected. These were patients with a confirmed history of acute SARS-CoV-2 infection by molecular testing and persistent clinical manifestations not attributable to other medical conditions. Their genetic profiles were subsequently identified and analyzed, and these were compared to those of healthy individuals in order to identify potential differences or variations in the alleles of interest and to contrast the findings with data reported in studies conducted in other populations. Among the main findings, fatigue was identified as the most frequent symptom in the study population. However, a wide range of multisystem clinical manifestations was also documented. Additionally, it was observed that genetic patterns related to PCS may vary between populations, according to the literature. This suggests that genetic factors, together with other contextual variables including environmental influences may play a role in the likelihood of developing PCS. In this population, the variations observed in HLA-DR alleles emerged as an exploratory finding of interest that may guide the generation of new hypotheses about their potential relationship with post-COVID-19 syndrome. These findings should be interpreted with caution, as the exploratory design does not allow for the confirmation of associations or causal inferences
Post-COVID-19 syndrome (PCS) is recognized as a significant health concern, as it involves persistent symptoms that substantially affect patients' quality of life. The most commonly reported manifestations include fatigue, cognitive impairment (‘brain fog’), and respiratory difficulties Five years after the onset of the COVID-19 pandemic, a cross-sectional, descriptive, and exploratory study was conducted in Barranquilla, Colombia, with the primary aim of clinically characterizing patients with post-COVID-19 syndrome (PCS) and exploring, in a non-inferential way, potential patterns of genetic variability within the major histocompatibility complex. To this end, human leukocyte antigen (HLA) alleles A, B, DQ, and DR were examined to generate hypotheses about their potential role in immune responses associated with this condition. Individuals who met the diagnostic criteria for PCS were selected. These were patients with a confirmed history of acute SARS-CoV-2 infection by molecular testing and persistent clinical manifestations not attributable to other medical conditions. Their genetic profiles were subsequently identified and analyzed, and these were compared to those of healthy individuals in order to identify potential differences or variations in the alleles of interest and to contrast the findings with data reported in studies conducted in other populations. Among the main findings, fatigue was identified as the most frequent symptom in the study population. However, a wide range of multisystem clinical manifestations was also documented. Additionally, it was observed that genetic patterns related to PCS may vary between populations, according to the literature. This suggests that genetic factors, together with other contextual variables including environmental influences may play a role in the likelihood of developing PCS. In this population, the variations observed in HLA-DR alleles emerged as an exploratory finding of interest that may guide the generation of new hypotheses about their potential relationship with post-COVID-19 syndrome. These findings should be interpreted with caution, as the exploratory design does not allow for the confirmation of associations or causal inferences
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Síndrome post-COVID-19, Antígeno leucocitario humano (HLA), Polimorfismo, COVID-19, Barranquilla
