Prevalencia de sarcopenia en el adulto mayor sin patología de base: revisión de la literatura 2018 – 2022
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Fecha
2022
Autores
Amador, Aldo
Garzón, Dayana
Díaz, Diomedes
Barceló, Rosa
Gonzales, Caleth
Arzuaga, Loraine
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Editor
Ediciones Universidad Simón Bolívar
Facultad Ciencias de la Salud
Facultad Ciencias de la Salud
Resumen
Introducción: La sarcopenia se define como la pérdida de masa muscular y el deterioro de su función asociado a la edad. El envejecimiento humano está asociado a una pérdida de masa muscular que se inicia en la cuarta década de la vida, produciendo una pérdida de fuerza de alrededor del 1% al año y acompañando además de un deterioro cualitativo del tejido muscular. Cabe resaltar que la prevalencia de sarcopenia en la población de edad avanzada es extendida y depende tanto de las características de la población como de los criterios utilizados para detectarla. Mas allá del inevitable deterioro producido por la edad, existen factores que favorecen el desarrollo de la sarcopenia, como son diversas comorbilidades, una menor ingesta proteica y la falta de actividad física, que generan un círculo vicioso y sobre el que es posible actuar con el fin de favorecer a un envejecimiento más saludable. Objetivo: Revisar la prevalencia de la sarcopenia en la población de edad mayor sin patologías de base en la literatura publicada Materiales y métodos: Se realizó un estudio tipo descriptivo bajo la metodología cuantitativa, se obtuvo una población de 3688 artículos de los cuales se incluyeron 105 artículos sobre sarcopenia con sujeto de estudio a todos aquellos individuos adultos mayores de ambos sexos. Se revisaron las bases de datos para hacer la búsqueda activa de literatura científica mediante el uso de los términos DeSC y MeSh. Durante la búsqueda se recopilaron 3688 artículos de los cuales 21 se eliminaron por estar duplicados, obteniendo 3667 artículos de los cuales se excluyeron 3533 por no cumplir con los criterios de inclusión antes mencionados, quedando 134 artículos. Luego de analizar y examinar los textos completos se excluyeron 29 artículos ya que los participantes eran menores de 60 años para finalmente incluir 105 artículos en la presente revisión. Se utilizó una base de datos de Excel donde se recolectó toda la información correspondiente a los artículos encontrados, esta base de datos incluyo: título, autores, revista, año, tipo de estudio, objetivo, muestra, medición, y resultados de cada uno de los artículos encontrados en la base de datos del portal web de la universidad simón bolívar. Se construyó un diagrama de flujo que muestra los resultados de la búsqueda durante el proceso. Resultados: De los 105 artículos incluidos en este estudio se encontró que la mayor prevalencia de sarcopenia fue en las mujeres con un 22,5%; en mayores de 60 años un 6.1%, en mayores de 70 años en 25.8% y en mayores de 80 años en 68%. Los métodos o instrumentos de diagnóstico para sarcopenia más utilizados fueron el del EWGSOP-EWGSOP2 con el 49,6%, seguido del AWGS con el 15,2%, entre los factores asociados los de mayor prevalencia fueron el bajo IMC y edad con el 23,8%, seguido de desnutrición con el 21,9% y baja fuerza muscular con el 19 %. Se encontraron otros factores asociados de menor prevalencia. Conclusión: A partir de esta revisión de la literatura se puede concluir que la sarcopenia se ha definido como aquella pérdida de masa muscular y el deterioro de su función asociado a la edad. A demás se han descrito diversos factores que contribuyen de forma importante al desarrollo de la sarcopenia. Las causas para su desarrollo varían de acuerdo con la edad del individuo: a mayor edad mayor prevalencia. Es por ello por lo que en este estudio se encontró que a mayor edad y ser mujer tiene una mayor prevalencia de desarrollar sarcopenia así mismo se determinaron que los factores asociados fueron el IMC, la edad, la baja fuerza muscular entre otros. Sin embargo, aún deben hacerse diferentes investigaciones y revisiones de la literatura en donde se aborde más a fondo el tema.
Sarcopenia is defined as the loss of muscle mass and the deterioration of its function associated with age. Human aging is associated with a loss of muscle mass that begins in the fourth decade of life, producing a loss of strength of about 1% per year and also accompanying a qualitative deterioration of muscle tissue. It should be noted that the prevalence of sarcopenia in the elderly population is widespread and depends both on the characteristics of the population and the criteria used to detect it. Beyond the inevitable deterioration due to age, there are factors that favor the development of sarcopenia, such as various comorbidities, lower protein intake and lack of physical activity, which generates a vicious circle and on which it is possible to act with the aim to promote healthier ageing. Objective: To determine the prevalence of sarcopenia in the elderly population without underlying pathologies in a literature review, thus achieving to characterize the prevalence of sarcopenia according to sex and age, to identify the main factors associated with sarcopenia and the methods of evaluation for diagnosis of sarcopenia. Materials and methods: A descriptive study was carried out using quantitative methodology, a population of 3688 articles was obtained, of which 105 articles on sarcopenia were included with the study subject being all older adult individuals of both sexes. The databases were reviewed to actively search for scientific literature using the terms DeSC and MeSh. During the search, 3688 articles were collected, of which 21 were eliminated because they were duplicates, obtaining 3667 articles, of which 3533 were excluded for not meeting the aforementioned inclusion criteria, leaving 134 articles. After analyzing and examining the full texts, 29 articles were excluded since the participants were under 60 years of age to finally include 105 articles in the present review. An Excel database was used where all the information corresponding to the articles found was collected. This database included: title, authors, journal, year, type of study, objective, sample, measurement, and results of each of them. the articles found in the database of the simón bolivar university web portal. A flowchart was constructed showing the search results during the process. Results: Of the 105 articles included in this study, it was found that the highest prevalence of sarcopenia was in women with 22.5%, in people older than 60 years 6.1%, in people older than 70 in 25.8% and in people older than 80. years in 68%. The most used diagnostic methods or instruments for sarcopenia were the EWGSOP-EWGSOP2 with 49.6%, followed by the AWGS with 15.2%. Among the associated factors, the most prevalent were low BMI and age with the 23.8%, followed by malnutrition with 21.9% and low muscle strength with 19%. Other less prevalent associated factors were found. Conclusion: From this review of the literature, it can be concluded that sarcopenia has been defined as the loss of muscle mass and the deterioration of its function associated with age. In addition, various factors have been described that contribute significantly to the development of sarcopenia. The causes for its development vary according to the age of the individual: the older, the higher the prevalence. That is why in this study it was found that being older and being a woman has a higher prevalence of developing sarcopenia, likewise it was determined that the associated factors were BMI, age, low muscle strength, among others. However, different investigations and reviews of the literature must still be carried out to address the issue in greater depth.
Sarcopenia is defined as the loss of muscle mass and the deterioration of its function associated with age. Human aging is associated with a loss of muscle mass that begins in the fourth decade of life, producing a loss of strength of about 1% per year and also accompanying a qualitative deterioration of muscle tissue. It should be noted that the prevalence of sarcopenia in the elderly population is widespread and depends both on the characteristics of the population and the criteria used to detect it. Beyond the inevitable deterioration due to age, there are factors that favor the development of sarcopenia, such as various comorbidities, lower protein intake and lack of physical activity, which generates a vicious circle and on which it is possible to act with the aim to promote healthier ageing. Objective: To determine the prevalence of sarcopenia in the elderly population without underlying pathologies in a literature review, thus achieving to characterize the prevalence of sarcopenia according to sex and age, to identify the main factors associated with sarcopenia and the methods of evaluation for diagnosis of sarcopenia. Materials and methods: A descriptive study was carried out using quantitative methodology, a population of 3688 articles was obtained, of which 105 articles on sarcopenia were included with the study subject being all older adult individuals of both sexes. The databases were reviewed to actively search for scientific literature using the terms DeSC and MeSh. During the search, 3688 articles were collected, of which 21 were eliminated because they were duplicates, obtaining 3667 articles, of which 3533 were excluded for not meeting the aforementioned inclusion criteria, leaving 134 articles. After analyzing and examining the full texts, 29 articles were excluded since the participants were under 60 years of age to finally include 105 articles in the present review. An Excel database was used where all the information corresponding to the articles found was collected. This database included: title, authors, journal, year, type of study, objective, sample, measurement, and results of each of them. the articles found in the database of the simón bolivar university web portal. A flowchart was constructed showing the search results during the process. Results: Of the 105 articles included in this study, it was found that the highest prevalence of sarcopenia was in women with 22.5%, in people older than 60 years 6.1%, in people older than 70 in 25.8% and in people older than 80. years in 68%. The most used diagnostic methods or instruments for sarcopenia were the EWGSOP-EWGSOP2 with 49.6%, followed by the AWGS with 15.2%. Among the associated factors, the most prevalent were low BMI and age with the 23.8%, followed by malnutrition with 21.9% and low muscle strength with 19%. Other less prevalent associated factors were found. Conclusion: From this review of the literature, it can be concluded that sarcopenia has been defined as the loss of muscle mass and the deterioration of its function associated with age. In addition, various factors have been described that contribute significantly to the development of sarcopenia. The causes for its development vary according to the age of the individual: the older, the higher the prevalence. That is why in this study it was found that being older and being a woman has a higher prevalence of developing sarcopenia, likewise it was determined that the associated factors were BMI, age, low muscle strength, among others. However, different investigations and reviews of the literature must still be carried out to address the issue in greater depth.
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Palabras clave
Adulto mayor, Sarcopenia, Prevalencia