Intervención desde el enfoque cognitivo comportamental para el tratamiento de un adulto mayor con esquizofrenia: un estudio de caso
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2024
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Ediciones Universidad Simón Bolívar
Facultad de Ciencias Jurídicas y Sociales
Facultad de Ciencias Jurídicas y Sociales
Resumen
La esquizofrenia es un trastorno psiquiátrico crónico caracterizad por la presencia de síntomas clínicos, como delirios, alucinaciones, anhedonia y aplanamiento afectivo, y por alteraciones cognitivas. Se han identificado prevalencias de este trastorno aproximadamente en el 1% de la población, suele iniciarse en la adolescencia o en la edad adulta temprana y con frecuencia conduce a una discapacidad persistente, con un alto riesgo de suicidio. La terapia cognitivo-conductual (TCC) se utiliza con frecuencia para atenuar la gravedad de los síntomas positivos de la esquizofrenia y mejorar la calidad de vida de las personas que viven con esta condición de salud mental. El presente estudio de caso tiene como objetivo detallar el proceso de intervención psicoterapéutico desde el modelo cognitivo-comportamental en un adulto mayor que vive con esquizofrenia. Durante este proceso se llevaron a cabo 10 sesiones comprendidas por la evaluación e intervención para trabajar aspectos inherentes al diagnóstico identificado. Para esto se utilizaron las siguientes escalas psicométricas: Escala de síndromes positivo y negativo (The Positive and Negative Syndrome Scale - PANSS), Escala para la valoración de los síntomas psicóticos (PSYRATS) – Delirios y el Cuestionario de esquemas de Young, YSQ-L2. El tratamiento se diseñó a partir de las problemáticas identificadas y teniendo como objetivo principal la mejora de la calidad de vida. A partir de esto se evidenció una disminución de la sintomatología presentada en el motivo de consulta inicial, como también la flexibilización de las creencias delirantes, así como una disminución en el grado de convicción, malestar y la interferencia de estas en la vida diaria del paciente, generando a su vez, un impacto positivo en la adherencia al tratamiento farmacológico y en su calidad de vida. Se pretende que
este estudio de caso sea de utilidad para los profesionales en el campo de la salud mental ya que se realizan aportes teóricos basados en la evidencia para el trastorno anteriormente mencionado.
Schizophrenia is a chronic psychiatric disorder characterized by the presence of clinical symptoms, such as delusions, hallucinations, anhedonia, and affective flattening, and by cognitive disturbances. Prevalence of this disorder has been identified in approximately 1% of the population, it usually begins in adolescence or early adulthood and often leads to persistent disability, with a high risk of suicide. Cognitive behavioral therapy (CBT) is frequently used to attenuate the severity of positive symptoms of schizophrenia and improve the quality of life of people living with this mental health condition. The present case study aims to detail the process of psychotherapeutic intervention from the cognitive-behavioral model in an older adult living with schizophrenia. During this process, 10 sessions were carried out comprising assessment and intervention to work on aspects inherent to the identified diagnosis. The following psychometric scales were used: The Positive and Negative Syndrome Scale (PANSS), Psychotic Symptom Rating Scale (PSYRATS) - Delusions and Young's Schema Questionnaire, YSQ-L2. The treatment was designed based on the problems identified and having as main objective the improvement of the quality of life. From this, a decrease in the symptomatology presented in the reason for the initial consultation was evidenced, as well as the relaxation of delusional beliefs, and a decrease in the degree of conviction, discomfort and interference of these in the patient's daily life, generating in turn, a positive impact on adherence to drug treatment and quality of life. This case study is intended to be useful for professionals in the field of mental health, as it provides theoretical contributions based on evidence for the disorder.
Schizophrenia is a chronic psychiatric disorder characterized by the presence of clinical symptoms, such as delusions, hallucinations, anhedonia, and affective flattening, and by cognitive disturbances. Prevalence of this disorder has been identified in approximately 1% of the population, it usually begins in adolescence or early adulthood and often leads to persistent disability, with a high risk of suicide. Cognitive behavioral therapy (CBT) is frequently used to attenuate the severity of positive symptoms of schizophrenia and improve the quality of life of people living with this mental health condition. The present case study aims to detail the process of psychotherapeutic intervention from the cognitive-behavioral model in an older adult living with schizophrenia. During this process, 10 sessions were carried out comprising assessment and intervention to work on aspects inherent to the identified diagnosis. The following psychometric scales were used: The Positive and Negative Syndrome Scale (PANSS), Psychotic Symptom Rating Scale (PSYRATS) - Delusions and Young's Schema Questionnaire, YSQ-L2. The treatment was designed based on the problems identified and having as main objective the improvement of the quality of life. From this, a decrease in the symptomatology presented in the reason for the initial consultation was evidenced, as well as the relaxation of delusional beliefs, and a decrease in the degree of conviction, discomfort and interference of these in the patient's daily life, generating in turn, a positive impact on adherence to drug treatment and quality of life. This case study is intended to be useful for professionals in the field of mental health, as it provides theoretical contributions based on evidence for the disorder.
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Palabras clave
Esquizofrenia, Síntomas psicóticos, Evaluación, Intervención, Salud mental, Cognitivo-Comportamental, Estudio de caso
