Jefatura femenina y sus estrategias de afrontamiento: un análisis a hogares monoparentales venezolanos en Pamplona, Norte de Santander, Colombia
Cargando...
Fecha
2022
Autores
García Vergara, Cristhian Adrián
Título de la revista
ISSN de la revista
Título del volumen
Editor
Ediciones Universidad Simón Bolívar
Facultad de Ciencias Jurídicas y Sociales
Facultad de Ciencias Jurídicas y Sociales
Resumen
Antecedentes: Se analizaron 50 escritos entre artículos, capítulos de libro y tesis de grado, permitiendo establecer un estado documental de cómo se ha abordado el problema de investigación a nivel internacional, nacional y local. Se establecieron tres categorías analíticas: por un lado, la familia transnacional como sujeto de investigación, evidenciando los ajustes y configuraciones a nivel familiar, incluyendo las relaciones de género; se abordó la jefatura femenina como una apuesta a la reivindicación de la mujer en el proceso migratorio, evidenciando, además, cómo la migración, en ciertas condiciones, puede aumentar los riesgos y vulnerabilidades hacia el abuso, la explotación y la violencia. Finalmente, se revisaron estudios sobre cómo las jefas de hogares migrantes establecen estrategias de afrontamiento centradas en la resolución del problema, en las emociones y en los recursos internos y externos.
Objetivos: Objetivo General: Analizar las estrategias de afrontamiento en hogares monoparentales venezolanos con jefatura femenina residentes en el municipio de Pamplona, Norte de Santander, Colombia. Objetivos específicos: I) Identificar los factores del contexto social frente al proceso de adaptación vivenciados por los hogares venezolanos monoparentales con jefatura femenina residentes en el municipio de Pamplona, Norte de Santander, Colombia. II) Estudiar las implicaciones del contexto adaptativo en los mecanismos de cohesión, adaptabilidad y comunicación familiar en los hogares venezolanos monoparentales con jefatura femenina ubicadas en el municipio de Pamplona, Norte de Santander, Colombia. III) Describir las formas de afrontamiento construidas por los hogares monoparentales con jefatura femenina venezolanas residentes en el municipio de Pamplona, Norte de Santander, Colombia.
Materiales y Métodos: La investigación fue de corte cualitativo y se empleó la fenomenología, así mismo se aplicaron tres técnicas para la recolección de la información: análisis documental, entrevista semi-estructurada y entrevista a profundidad. Las técnicas de recolección de información se aplicaron a 5 mujeres jefas de hogar monoparentales migrantes y a 4 profesionales expertos en género y migración; la información fue analizada a través del método Comparativo Constante de Strauss y Corbin (1998) que posibilitó una forma de comprender las narrativas de quiénes vivencia una realidad social particular, para el caso específico, la migración.
Resultados: Los resultados giran alrededor de tres grandes categorías. La primera, evidencia el contexto social de adaptación, en el cual se evidencias que las principales motivaciones para asumir el proceso migratorio están basadas en razones económicas como consecuencia de la precarización de la calidad de vida en su país de origen. Así mismo, existe una relación entre la experiencia de un tránsito seguro con las posibilidades de tener recursos económicos, redes de apoyo y planeación del viaje. Así mismo, la experiencia de la adaptación está atravesada por factores como la nacionalidad, el género, la situación migratoria y el acceso a derechos, lo cual se traduce en situaciones de abuso, explotación y violencia con motivos de género. Sin embargo, en dicho contexto de actualización, las mujeres entrevistadas lograron mejorar sus condiciones de vida debido a los actores presentes en el contexto que les brindaron asistencia humanitaria y acceso a medios de vida para mejorar el bienestar. Por otro lado, se analizó la dinámica familiares en los hogares y cómo establecen normas, formas de comunicación y prácticas de respeto mutua; así mismo, se describieron los principales cambios a los que se enfrenta una familia en contexto de transnacionalidad, como la mediación de las relaciones familiares a través de las redes sociales, la disminución de la red de apoyo, el rompimiento del vínculo conyugal, la adquisición de la jefatura femenina, el sobrecargo de las prácticas de cuidado y crianza. Finalmente, se describieron las estrategias de afrontamiento centradas en el problema, las emocionales y familiares, con particular énfasis en las formas cómo se aborda activamente la resolución de las crisis normativas y no normativas, encontrando, además, las estrategias de afrontamiento negativo, como el sexo por sobrevivencia, que afecta directamente la integridad, seguridad y dignidad de las mujeres.
Conclusiones: I) Las motivaciones de la migración están centradas en razones económicas, familiares y de género. II) El acceso a recursos económicos, la disponibilidad de red de apoyo y la forma cómo se transita condiciona la experiencia segura del tránsito. III) Los riesgos de protección se profundizan por el género, la edad, la situación regulatoria, el acceso a recursos y la precariedad. IV) La construcción de prejuicios y prácticas de xenofobia impacta en las jefas de hogar migrantes, siendo el apoyo institucional clave en el proceso de adaptación.
La salud mental en todo el proceso migratorio. V) La migración tiene efectos en las familias, al tener que ajustar su dinámica familiar y construir nuevas formas de relacionamiento en la distancia y acomodación en la comunidad de acogida VI) Mayor prevalencia en el uso de afrontamiento centrado en el problema, modalidad activa a través del desarrollo de estrategias como la búsqueda de empleo y el emprendimiento como alternativas para la generación de recursos y aporte a su calidad de vida
Background: 50 writings between articles, book chapters and thesis were analyzed, allowing to establish a documentary state of how the research problem has been approached at the international, national and local level. Three analytical categories were established: on the one hand, the transnational family as a research subject, evidencing the adjustments and configurations at the family level, including gender relations; female headship was addressed as a commitment to women's claims in the migration process, also showing how migration, under certain conditions, can increase risks and vulnerabilities to abuse, exploitation and violence. Finally, studies on how female heads of migrant households establish coping strategies focused on problem solving, emotions, and internal and external resources were reviewed. Objective: General Objective: To analyze coping strategies in Venezuelan single-parent households headed by women residing in the municipality of Pamplona, Norte de Santander, Colombia. Specific objectives: I) To identify the factors of the social context regarding the adaptation process experienced by single-parent Venezuelan households headed by women residing in the municipality of Pamplona, Norte de Santander, Colombia. II) To study the implications of the adaptive context in the mechanisms of cohesion, adaptability and family communication in single-parent Venezuelan households headed by women located in the municipality of Pamplona, Norte de Santander, Colombia. III) Describe the forms of coping built by Venezuelan single-parent households with female heads residing in the municipality of Pamplona, Norte de Santander, Colombia. Materials and Methods: The research was qualitative and phenomenology was used, likewise three techniques were applied for the collection of information: documentary analysis, semi-structured interview and in-depth interview. The data collection techniques were applied to 5 single-parent migrant women heads of household and 4 professional experts in gender and migration; The information was analyzed through the Constant Comparative method of Strauss and Corbin (1998), which made possible a way of understanding the narratives of those who experience a particular social reality, for the specific case, migration. Results: The results revolve around three main categories. The first, evidences the social context of adaptation, in which it is evident that the main motivations to assume the migratory process are based on economic reasons as a consequence of the precariousness of the quality of life in their country of origin. Likewise, there is a relationship between the experience of safe transit with the possibilities of having economic resources, support networks and trip planning. Likewise, the adaptation experience is influenced by factors such as nationality, gender, migratory status and access to rights, which translates into situations of abuse, exploitation and gender-based violence. However, in this updating context, the women interviewed managed to improve their living conditions due to the actors present in the context who provided them with humanitarian assistance and access to livelihoods to improve their well-being. On the other hand, family dynamics in homes were analyzed and how they establish norms, forms of communication and practices of mutual respect; Likewise, the main changes faced by a family in a transnational context were described, such as the mediation of family relationships through social networks, the decrease in the support network, the breaking of the conjugal bond, the acquisition of female headship, the burden of care and upbringing practices. Finally, problem-focused, emotional and family coping strategies were described, with particular emphasis on the ways in which the resolution of normative and non-normative crises is actively addressed, also finding negative coping strategies, such as sex for survival, which directly affects the integrity, security and dignity of women. Conclusions: I) The motivations for migration are centered on economic, family and gender reasons. II) The access to economic resources, the availability of a support network and the way in which transit conditions the safe experience of transit. III) Protection risks are deepened by gender, age, regulatory situation, access to resources and precariousness. IV) The construction of prejudices and xenophobic practices have an impact on female migrant heads of household, and institutional support is key in the adaptation process. V) Migration has effects on families, as they have to adjust their family dynamics and build new forms of distance relationships and accommodation in the host community VI) Greater prevalence in the use of coping focused on the problem, active modality to through the development of strategies such as job search and entrepreneurship as alternatives for the generation of resources and contribution to their quality of life.
Background: 50 writings between articles, book chapters and thesis were analyzed, allowing to establish a documentary state of how the research problem has been approached at the international, national and local level. Three analytical categories were established: on the one hand, the transnational family as a research subject, evidencing the adjustments and configurations at the family level, including gender relations; female headship was addressed as a commitment to women's claims in the migration process, also showing how migration, under certain conditions, can increase risks and vulnerabilities to abuse, exploitation and violence. Finally, studies on how female heads of migrant households establish coping strategies focused on problem solving, emotions, and internal and external resources were reviewed. Objective: General Objective: To analyze coping strategies in Venezuelan single-parent households headed by women residing in the municipality of Pamplona, Norte de Santander, Colombia. Specific objectives: I) To identify the factors of the social context regarding the adaptation process experienced by single-parent Venezuelan households headed by women residing in the municipality of Pamplona, Norte de Santander, Colombia. II) To study the implications of the adaptive context in the mechanisms of cohesion, adaptability and family communication in single-parent Venezuelan households headed by women located in the municipality of Pamplona, Norte de Santander, Colombia. III) Describe the forms of coping built by Venezuelan single-parent households with female heads residing in the municipality of Pamplona, Norte de Santander, Colombia. Materials and Methods: The research was qualitative and phenomenology was used, likewise three techniques were applied for the collection of information: documentary analysis, semi-structured interview and in-depth interview. The data collection techniques were applied to 5 single-parent migrant women heads of household and 4 professional experts in gender and migration; The information was analyzed through the Constant Comparative method of Strauss and Corbin (1998), which made possible a way of understanding the narratives of those who experience a particular social reality, for the specific case, migration. Results: The results revolve around three main categories. The first, evidences the social context of adaptation, in which it is evident that the main motivations to assume the migratory process are based on economic reasons as a consequence of the precariousness of the quality of life in their country of origin. Likewise, there is a relationship between the experience of safe transit with the possibilities of having economic resources, support networks and trip planning. Likewise, the adaptation experience is influenced by factors such as nationality, gender, migratory status and access to rights, which translates into situations of abuse, exploitation and gender-based violence. However, in this updating context, the women interviewed managed to improve their living conditions due to the actors present in the context who provided them with humanitarian assistance and access to livelihoods to improve their well-being. On the other hand, family dynamics in homes were analyzed and how they establish norms, forms of communication and practices of mutual respect; Likewise, the main changes faced by a family in a transnational context were described, such as the mediation of family relationships through social networks, the decrease in the support network, the breaking of the conjugal bond, the acquisition of female headship, the burden of care and upbringing practices. Finally, problem-focused, emotional and family coping strategies were described, with particular emphasis on the ways in which the resolution of normative and non-normative crises is actively addressed, also finding negative coping strategies, such as sex for survival, which directly affects the integrity, security and dignity of women. Conclusions: I) The motivations for migration are centered on economic, family and gender reasons. II) The access to economic resources, the availability of a support network and the way in which transit conditions the safe experience of transit. III) Protection risks are deepened by gender, age, regulatory situation, access to resources and precariousness. IV) The construction of prejudices and xenophobic practices have an impact on female migrant heads of household, and institutional support is key in the adaptation process. V) Migration has effects on families, as they have to adjust their family dynamics and build new forms of distance relationships and accommodation in the host community VI) Greater prevalence in the use of coping focused on the problem, active modality to through the development of strategies such as job search and entrepreneurship as alternatives for the generation of resources and contribution to their quality of life.
Descripción
Palabras clave
Jefas de hogar, Estrategias de afrontamiento, Migración, Contexto social, Dinámica familiar, Heads of household, Coping strategies, Migration, Social context, Family dynamics
