Anemia en el servicio de urgencia pediátrica en una E.S.E. del departamento del Atlántico entre los meses de marzo a agosto del 2020
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Fecha
2021
Autores
Castro Martínez, Jonathan David
Muñoz Beleño, Karen Patricia
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Ediciones Universidad Simón Bolívar
Facultad de Ciencias de la Salud
Facultad de Ciencias de la Salud
Resumen
Introducción: La anemia constituye la alteración más frecuente en la infancia y se define como la disminución de la hemoglobina, hematocrito o el número de glóbulos rojos (GR) por debajo de 2 desviaciones estándar de los valores considerados normal para edad y sexo. En Colombia constituye un problema de salud pública, donde la cifra en la población pediátrica es alarmante, un 62,5% de los niños de 6 a 11 meses padecen de anemia y un 24,7% de 12 a 59 meses. El hemograma completo, extendido de sangre periférica y porcentaje de reticulocitos son los exámenes complementarios básicos que nos permiten realizar una aproximación del diagnóstico además de la historia clínica y el examen físico.
Objetivo: Evaluar la incidencia de anemia en el hemograma completo (CBC) y su morfología eritrocitaria en pacientes de 1 mes a 17 años en el servicio de urgencia pediátrica.
Metodología: Es un estudio descriptivo prospectivo donde se evaluaron 718 niños que asistieron al servicio de urgencias ESE hospital Niño Jesús de la ciudad de Barranquilla entre el mes de marzo a agosto del año 2020. Se tuvo en cuenta la edad (grupo etario), motivo de consulta (cie10). Las pruebas de laboratorio que se tomaron fue el hemograma completo (CBC), recuento de glóbulos rojos (RBC), Hematocrito (%HTO), hemoglobina (Hb), índice celulares (VCM, HCM), además el extendido de sangre periférica y reticulocitos.
Resultado: La anemia en los niños que ingresaban al servicio de urgencias tuvo una frecuencia de 31% que corresponde a 227 niños de una muestra de 718 resultados cercanos a estudios comparativos. El grupo etario mas afectado eran los niños menores de 5 años. Muy cercano a estadísticas actuales. Los infantes (0-5)
años fueron el 63.4% de la población, seguido de los adolescentes y por último los escolares. En cuanto a los índices celulares como el VCM, los resultados para normocítica fueron los de mayor frecuencia, seguido de la microcítica y para HCM fueron normocrómica seguido de hipocrómica.
Conclusión: Muchos de estos niños con anemia a menudo se asocian con enfermedades crónicas las cuales no son diagnosticadas, como la pérdida de sangre, problemas de médula ósea como la anemia aplásica, enfermedades renales, hepáticas. En este estudio se observó además una alta asociación de anemia con procesos infecciosos principalmente infecciones del tracto urinario, infecciones en piel y fiebre de origen las cuales ameritan estudios más profundos. La anemia es un problema de salud pública y en el municipio de Barranquilla no es la excepción, lo que se explica por las diversas políticas estatales y la crisis social (desempleo, hambre, desplazamiento entre otras), la formación de los profesionales en salud y la cultura del propio colectivo.
Introduction: Anemia is the most common disorder in childhood and is defined as a decrease in hemoglobin, hematocrit, or the number of red blood cells (RBC) below 2 standard deviations from the values considered normal for age and sex. The complete blood count extended peripheral blood and percentage of reticulocytes are the basic complementary tests that allow us to make an approximation of the diagnosis in addition to the clinical history and physical examination. Objective: Evaluate the incidence of anemia in the complete blood count (CBC) and its erythrocyte morphology in patients from 1 month to 17 years old in the pediatric emergency department. Methodology: It is a prospective descriptive study where # children who attended the ESE Hospital Niño Jesús emergency service in the city of Barranquilla were evaluated between March and August 2020. Age (age group), reason for consultation was taken into account (cie10). The laboratory tests that were taken were the complete blood count (CBC), red blood cell count (RBC), Hematocrit (% HT), hemoglobin (Hb), cell index (VCM, HCM), in addition to the spread of peripheral blood and reticulocytes. Result: Anemia in children admitted to the emergency department had a frequency of 31%, which corresponds to 227 children from a sample of 718 results close to comparative studies. The age group most affected were children under 5 years of age. Very close to current statistics. Infants (0-5) years were 63.4% of the population, followed by adolescents and finally schoolchildren. Regarding cellular indices such as MCV, the results for normocytic were the most frequent, followed by microcytic and for HCM they were normochromic followed by hypochromic. Conclusion: Many of these children with anemia are often associated with chronic diseases which are not diagnosed, such as blood loss, bone marrow problems such as aplastic anemia, kidney and liver diseases. In this study, a high association of anemia with infectious processes, mainly urinary tract infections, skin infections and fever of origin was also observed, which warrant further studies. Anemia is a public health problem and in the municipality of Barranquilla it is no exception, which is explained by the various state policies and the social crisis (unemployment, hunger, displacement, among others), the training of health professionals and the culture of the collective itself.
Introduction: Anemia is the most common disorder in childhood and is defined as a decrease in hemoglobin, hematocrit, or the number of red blood cells (RBC) below 2 standard deviations from the values considered normal for age and sex. The complete blood count extended peripheral blood and percentage of reticulocytes are the basic complementary tests that allow us to make an approximation of the diagnosis in addition to the clinical history and physical examination. Objective: Evaluate the incidence of anemia in the complete blood count (CBC) and its erythrocyte morphology in patients from 1 month to 17 years old in the pediatric emergency department. Methodology: It is a prospective descriptive study where # children who attended the ESE Hospital Niño Jesús emergency service in the city of Barranquilla were evaluated between March and August 2020. Age (age group), reason for consultation was taken into account (cie10). The laboratory tests that were taken were the complete blood count (CBC), red blood cell count (RBC), Hematocrit (% HT), hemoglobin (Hb), cell index (VCM, HCM), in addition to the spread of peripheral blood and reticulocytes. Result: Anemia in children admitted to the emergency department had a frequency of 31%, which corresponds to 227 children from a sample of 718 results close to comparative studies. The age group most affected were children under 5 years of age. Very close to current statistics. Infants (0-5) years were 63.4% of the population, followed by adolescents and finally schoolchildren. Regarding cellular indices such as MCV, the results for normocytic were the most frequent, followed by microcytic and for HCM they were normochromic followed by hypochromic. Conclusion: Many of these children with anemia are often associated with chronic diseases which are not diagnosed, such as blood loss, bone marrow problems such as aplastic anemia, kidney and liver diseases. In this study, a high association of anemia with infectious processes, mainly urinary tract infections, skin infections and fever of origin was also observed, which warrant further studies. Anemia is a public health problem and in the municipality of Barranquilla it is no exception, which is explained by the various state policies and the social crisis (unemployment, hunger, displacement, among others), the training of health professionals and the culture of the collective itself.
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Palabras clave
Anemia, Hemograma completo, Extendido de sangre periférica, Reticulocitos, Anemia, Complete blood count, Peripheral blood smear, Reticulocytes
