Efectos de la percusión folclórica sobre el movimiento corporal humano en el trastorno del espectro autista: un estudio de caso
Fecha
2022
Autores
Benavides García, Thays Michell
Cantillo Ríos, José Alejandro
Céspedes Martínez, Katherin Vanessa
Escobar Contreras, Tatiana Carolina
Nuñez Rodríguez, Yaireth Patricia
Jackson Martínez, Edley Ferdinand
Título de la revista
ISSN de la revista
Título del volumen
Editor
Ediciones Universidad Simón Bolívar
Facultad Ciencias de la Salud
Facultad Ciencias de la Salud
Resumen
Antecedentes: El Trastorno del Espectro Autista (TEA) es un cuadro clínico que aloja una secuencia de propiedades que condicionan cada una de las esferas del neurodesarrollo. Una de las problemáticas que experimentan los individuos con autismo es la poca capacidad para tener relación de manera idónea con el medio que los rodea. En mayo de 2013, se divulgó la quinta versión del Manual de Diagnóstico y Estadístico de los Trastornos Mentales (DSM-V) de la Agrupación Americana de Psiquiatría, donde está establecido que el trastorno autista se convierte en el exclusivo diagnóstico viable de la de hoy categoría diagnóstica de los Trastornos Generalizados del Desarrollo (TGD) y pasa a llamarse "trastorno del espectro de autismo" (TEA) , evidenciándose que resulta de enorme relevancia la evaluación integral del infante a partir de los diversos entornos donde se desenvuelve: familiar, estudiantil y clínico. En este sentido, el concepto trastornos del espectro autista incluye el trastorno autista, el trastorno generalizado del desarrollo no detallado y el síndrome de Asperger o de elevado rendimiento. Conforme el Manual, los individuos que muestran dichos trastornos expresan, en más grande o menor medida, las próximas propiedades: Déficits en la comunicación y en el lenguaje, problemas en la comunicación verbal y no verbal, que puede comprender a partir de la comunicación poco intencionada, pasando por alteraciones en el contacto visual y en el lenguaje del cuerpo, o déficits en la comprensión y uso de la comunicación no verbal, hasta la ausencia total de expresión o gestos faciales Con esta nueva categorización, se pasa de una aproximación categorial del autismo a una conceptualización con visión dimensional. El término del autismo como un espectro de trastornos de distinto severidad y una conceptualización más dimensional, no es una observación de hoy, sino que tiene su origen fundamentalmente en la procedencia de la definición del autismo. Las habilidades y las necesidades de los individuos con autismo varían y tienen la posibilidad de avanzar con la época. Aunque varias personas con autismo tienen la posibilidad de vivir de forma libre, hay otras con discapacidades graves que requieren constante atención y apoyo a lo largo de toda su historia. Toda la gente, incluidas las que sufren autismo, poseen derecho al goce del máximo grado viable de salud física y de la mente. No obstante, los individuos con autismo comúnmente son objeto de estigmatización y discriminación, que incluye la privación injusta de atención de salud, enseñanza y oportunidades para participar en sus sociedades. La OMS (OMS) en el 2019 calculó que 1 de cada 160 chicos padece trastornos del espectro autista, cifra que van en incremento, puesto que las averiguaciones que se hacen han ampliado la información acerca de tipos, grados de severidad, así como otros indicios que tienen que considerarse propios de este trastorno como las alteraciones en las percepciones. Tomando la prevalencia de la Organización Mundial de la Salud (0,625%) y cruzando con datos nacionales poblacional de Chile, proyectada de chicos y jóvenes de entre 6-17 años es viable estimar que la porción aproximada de individuos con diagnóstico de trastornos del espectro autista podría ser de 18.798 chicos y jóvenes. Si se incluye a el núcleo familiar de dichos chicos y jóvenes, el trastorno del espectro autista es parte de la vida cotidiana 75.192 personas. La base de la comunicación está relacionada con la función de usar e emular gestos motores y por consiguiente, los chicos con trastornos del espectro autista al exponer estas problemas en su actividad motora para interactuar con otras personas, podrían no ser un soporte para la socialización e relación social; este problema motor se muestra con más frecuencia en los chicos menores de 4 años, donde su capacidad de imitación de capacidades motoras a lo largo de una secuencia de labores motrices se ve reducida probablemente por déficit en la organización motora. Además, se ha sugerido que el déficit motora central de los chicos con trastornos del espectro autista es la dispraxia, necesitan más tiempo para planificar y llevar a cabo movimientos dirigidos a metas concretas El control postural es otra de las alteraciones motoras presentes en los chicos con trastornos del espectro autista, se ha encontrado que chicos de 12 años y más, muestran disminución de la igualdad postural, especialmente una vez que hay alteraciones sensoriales; la variación postural conlleva a déficit de la motricidad fina y las ocupaciones de manipulación del infante. Teniendo presente lo anterior y basándose en la revisión de literatura realizada por el conjunto investigador en torno al TEA, se prueba la necesidad de llevar a cabo novedosas técnicas terapéuticas en el abordaje de los chicos con esta condición. Objetivos: Identificar los efectos de percusión folclórica sobre el movimiento corporal humano en el trastorno del espectro autista Materiales y Métodos: Hablamos de un análisis de caso, en el que se laboró con un infante con diagnóstico de TEA en la Urbe de Barranquilla. Análisis para hacer en la metrópoli de Barranquilla a lo largo del lapso comprendido entre julio de 2021 y junio de 2022. El objeto de análisis se reúne en un infante nombrado de ahora en adelante SHN, de 12 años, quien tiene diagnóstico de Trastorno de espectro autista; es el menor de 2 hermanos, surgió por cesárea y a término. A sus 3 años ha sido diagnosticado con trastornos del espectro autista. Es un infante que tiene un tipo de familia monoparental, o sea sus papás son divorciados, empero pese a aquello SHN tiene un núcleo familiar largo debido a que vive con sus abuelos maternos, hermano más grande de 18 años, primas una de 6 años y otra de 11 años. En edad temprana presentaba focalización en juguetes específicos (que giraban) y colores, lo cual en determinados instantes perjudicaba su relación, no obstante, esto cambió y ya es más participativo e incluido. Resultados: Referente a extensibilidad en miembros mejores, paratonía tanto en miembros mejores e inferiores, pasividad, diadococinesias mano derecha e izquierda, hubo una importante diferencia con relación a la examinación inicial, ya que hubo una mejoría destacable en dichos subfactores. No obstante, cabe decir que en el subfactor de sincinesia bucales se puede mirar un retroceso comparativamente a la examinación inicial. al hacer la exploración de todos los ítems del subfactor de equilibrio dinámico, se ha podido mirar que los ítems de pies unidos atrás, y de pies ligados con ojos cerrados hubo una importante diferencia con en relación con la examinación inicial, debido a que hubo mejoría al hacer la labor. En cuanto al subfactor del equilibrio estático, no se encontraron diferencias considerables, debido a que todos los ítems como apoyo rectilíneo, punta de los pies, secundó en un pie, se mantuvieron en un perfil dispráxico. Conclusiones: Los datos obtenidos en la presente investigación corroboran con el programa de participación con base en la percusión folclórica en el infante con trastornos del espectro autista se ha podido mirar cambios significativos positivos en el elemento tonicidad en recursos como extensibilidad en miembros mejores, paratonía tanto en miembros mejores e inferiores, pasividad, diadococinesias mano derecha e izquierda, hubo una importante diferencia con en relación a la examinación inicial, ya que hubo una mejoría notable en dichos subfactores. En cuanto al subfactor de equilibrio dinámico, se hizo evidente que los ítems de pies ligados atrás, y de pies ligados con ojos cerrados mostraron importante diferencia con relación a la examinación inicial, debido a que hubo mejoría al hacer la labor; sin embargo, en lo referente con equilibrio estático, no se encontraron diferencias considerables, debido a que todos los ítems como apoyo rectilíneo, punta de los pies, secundó en un pie, se mantuvieron en un perfil dispráxico. Con respecto al componente lateralidad, se vio mejoría en el ítem de lateralidad manual, debido a que enseñó más grande uso de un lado especifico al hacer ocupaciones como, por ejemplo, simular recortar un papel y redactar, a diferencia de la examinación inicial. En el Componente Idea corporal se prueba una diferencia notoria en el ítem sentido kinestésico a pasándose de una nota 3 a 4; en lo demás de subfactores se mantuvo la calificación. Se puede destacar que el dibujo (en el subfactor Dibujo del cuerpo) ha sido más simétrico (en cuanto a detalles) siguiente a la participación que en la examinación inicial. A grado de praxia globalse notó una buena disociación en MMSS y MMII así como una diferencia significativa en el ítem de velocidad, revelando un perfecto planeamiento motor y preciso autocontrol, con canción kinestésicas. En Praxia fina se observa una diferencia en el ítem de coordinación dinámica manual, debido a que se demoró menos tiempo al armar una pulsera con los clips, así como en el subfactor de rapidez y exactitud donde hubo mejoría destacable en la ejecución de la labor. Con base en los resultados del presente análisis de caso se observa cambios positivos en determinados componentes motrices del infante participante enfatizándose más en los MMSS.
Background: Autism Spectrum Disorder (ASD) is a clinical picture that houses a sequence of properties that condition each of the spheres of neurodevelopment. One of the problems experienced by individuals with autism is the poor ability to have an ideal relationship with the environment that surrounds them. In May 2013, the fifth version of the Diagnostic and Statistical Manual of Mental Disorders (DSM-V) of the American Psychiatric Association was released, where it is established that autistic disorder becomes the only viable diagnosis of today's diagnostic category of Pervasive Developmental Disorders (PDD) and is renamed "autism spectrum disorder" (ASD). evidencing that it is of enormous relevance the integral evaluation of the infant from the diverse environments where it develops: family, student and clinical. In this sense, the concept autism spectrum disorders include autistic disorder, pervasive developmental disorder not detailed and Asperger's syndrome or high performance. According to the Manual, individuals who show such disorders express, to a greater or lesser extent, the following properties: Deficits in communication and language, problems in verbal and non-verbal communication, which can be understood from unintentional communication, through alterations in eye contact and body language, or deficits in the understanding and use of nonverbal communication, until the total absence of expression or facial gestures With this new categorization, we move from a categorical approach to autism to a conceptualization with a dimensional vision. The term autism as a spectrum of disorders of different severity and a more dimensional conceptualization, is not an observation of today, but has its origin fundamentally in the origin of the definition of autism. The skills and needs of individuals with autism vary and they have the possibility to move forward with the time. Although several people with autism have the possibility of living freely, there are others with severe disabilities that require constant attention and support throughout their history. All people, including those with autism, have the right to the enjoyment of the highest attainable degree of physical and mental health. However, individuals with autism are commonly subjected to stigma and discrimination, including unfair deprivation of health care, education, and opportunities to participate in their societies. The WHO (WHO) in 2019 estimated that 1 in 160 children suffers from autism spectrum disorders, a figure that is increasing, since the inquiries that are made have expanded the information about types, degrees of severity, as well as other indications that must be considered typical of this disorder such as alterations in perceptions. Taking the prevalence of the World Health Organization (0.625%) and crossing with national population data from Chile, projected of boys and young people between 6-17 years it is feasible to estimate that the approximate portion of individuals diagnosed with autism spectrum disorders could be 18,798 children and young people. If the family nucleus of these children and young people is included, autism spectrum disorder is part of the daily life of 75,192 people. The basis of communication is related to the function of using and emulating motor gestures and therefore, children with autism spectrum disorders when exposing these problems in their motor activity to interact with other people, may not be a support for socialization and social relationship; this motor problem is most often shown in children under 4 years of age, where their ability to imitate motor skills throughout a sequence of motor tasks is probably reduced by a deficit in motor organization. In addition, it has been suggested that the central motor deficit of children with autism spectrum disorders is dyspraxia, they need more time to plan and carry out movements aimed at specific goals. Postural control is another of the motor alterations present in boys with autism spectrum disorders, it has been found that boys 12 years and older, show decreased postural equality, especially once there are sensory alterations; postural variation leads to deficit of fine motor skills and manipulation occupations of the infant Bearing in mind the above and based on the literature review carried out by the research group on ASD, the need to carry out novel therapeutic techniques in the approach to children with this condition is proven. Objective: To identify the effects of folk percussion on human body movement in autism spectrum disorder Materials and Methods: We are talking about a case analysis, in which we worked with an infant diagnosed with ASD in the city of Barranquilla. Analysis to be done in the metropolis of Barranquilla throughout the period between July 2021 and June 2022. The object of analysis is gathered in an infant named from now on SHN, 12 years old, who has a diagnosis of autism spectrum disorder; is the youngest of 2 siblings, emerged by cesarean section and term. At age 3 he has been diagnosed with autism spectrum disorders. He is an infant who has a type of single-parent family, that is, his parents are divorced, but despite that SHN has a long family nucleus because he lives with his maternal grandparents, older brother of 18 years, cousins one of 6 years and another of 11 years. At an early age he had a focus on specific toys (which rotated) and colors, which at certain times harmed their relationship, however, this changed and is already more participatory and included. Results: Regarding extensibility in better limbs, paratonia in both better and lower limbs, passivity, right and left hand diadochokinesias, there was an important difference in relation to the initial examination, since there was a remarkable improvement in these subfactors. However, it can be said that in the subfactor of oral synkinesia one can look at a comparative regression to the initial examination. when doing the exploration of all the items of the dynamic equilibrium subfactor, it has been possible to see that the items of feet joined back, and of feet linked with closed eyes there was an important difference with respect to the initial examination, because there was improvement in doing the work. As for the subfactor of static balance, no considerable differences were found, because all items such as rectilinear support, tip of the feet, seconded on one foot, remained in a dyspractic profile. Conclusions: The data obtained in the present research corroborate with the participation program based on folkloric percussion in the infant with autism spectrum disorders it has been possible to look at significant positive changes in the element of tonicity in resources such as extensibility in better limbs, paratonia in both better and lower limbs, passivity, diadochokinesias right and left hand, there was an important difference from the initial examination, as there was a marked improvement in these sub-factors. Regarding the dynamic balance subfactor, it became evident that the items of feet linked behind, and of feet linked with closed eyes showed important difference with respect to the initial examination, because there was improvement in doing the work; however, in relation to static balance, no considerable differences were found, because all items such as rectilinear support, tip of the feet, seconded on one foot, remained in a dyspractic profile. With respect to the laterality component, improvement was seen in the manual laterality item, because it taught greater use of a specific side when doing occupations such as, for example, simulating cutting a paper and writing, unlike the initial examination. In the Body Idea Component, a noticeable difference in the kinesthetic sense item is tested from a grade 3 to 4; in the rest of the sub-factors, the rating was maintained. It can be noted that the drawing (in the Body Drawing subfactor) has been more symmetrical (in terms of details) following the participation than in the initial examination. A degree of global praxia was noted a good dissociation in MMSS and MMII as well as a significant difference in the speed item, revealing a perfect motor planning and precise self-control, with kinesthetic song. In praxia last there is a difference in the item of manual dynamic coordination because it took less time to assemble a bracelet with the clips, as well as in the subfactor of speed and accuracy where there was a notable improvement in the execution of the work. Based on the results of this case analysis, positive changes are observed in certain motor components of the participating infant, with greater emphasis on MMSS.
Background: Autism Spectrum Disorder (ASD) is a clinical picture that houses a sequence of properties that condition each of the spheres of neurodevelopment. One of the problems experienced by individuals with autism is the poor ability to have an ideal relationship with the environment that surrounds them. In May 2013, the fifth version of the Diagnostic and Statistical Manual of Mental Disorders (DSM-V) of the American Psychiatric Association was released, where it is established that autistic disorder becomes the only viable diagnosis of today's diagnostic category of Pervasive Developmental Disorders (PDD) and is renamed "autism spectrum disorder" (ASD). evidencing that it is of enormous relevance the integral evaluation of the infant from the diverse environments where it develops: family, student and clinical. In this sense, the concept autism spectrum disorders include autistic disorder, pervasive developmental disorder not detailed and Asperger's syndrome or high performance. According to the Manual, individuals who show such disorders express, to a greater or lesser extent, the following properties: Deficits in communication and language, problems in verbal and non-verbal communication, which can be understood from unintentional communication, through alterations in eye contact and body language, or deficits in the understanding and use of nonverbal communication, until the total absence of expression or facial gestures With this new categorization, we move from a categorical approach to autism to a conceptualization with a dimensional vision. The term autism as a spectrum of disorders of different severity and a more dimensional conceptualization, is not an observation of today, but has its origin fundamentally in the origin of the definition of autism. The skills and needs of individuals with autism vary and they have the possibility to move forward with the time. Although several people with autism have the possibility of living freely, there are others with severe disabilities that require constant attention and support throughout their history. All people, including those with autism, have the right to the enjoyment of the highest attainable degree of physical and mental health. However, individuals with autism are commonly subjected to stigma and discrimination, including unfair deprivation of health care, education, and opportunities to participate in their societies. The WHO (WHO) in 2019 estimated that 1 in 160 children suffers from autism spectrum disorders, a figure that is increasing, since the inquiries that are made have expanded the information about types, degrees of severity, as well as other indications that must be considered typical of this disorder such as alterations in perceptions. Taking the prevalence of the World Health Organization (0.625%) and crossing with national population data from Chile, projected of boys and young people between 6-17 years it is feasible to estimate that the approximate portion of individuals diagnosed with autism spectrum disorders could be 18,798 children and young people. If the family nucleus of these children and young people is included, autism spectrum disorder is part of the daily life of 75,192 people. The basis of communication is related to the function of using and emulating motor gestures and therefore, children with autism spectrum disorders when exposing these problems in their motor activity to interact with other people, may not be a support for socialization and social relationship; this motor problem is most often shown in children under 4 years of age, where their ability to imitate motor skills throughout a sequence of motor tasks is probably reduced by a deficit in motor organization. In addition, it has been suggested that the central motor deficit of children with autism spectrum disorders is dyspraxia, they need more time to plan and carry out movements aimed at specific goals. Postural control is another of the motor alterations present in boys with autism spectrum disorders, it has been found that boys 12 years and older, show decreased postural equality, especially once there are sensory alterations; postural variation leads to deficit of fine motor skills and manipulation occupations of the infant Bearing in mind the above and based on the literature review carried out by the research group on ASD, the need to carry out novel therapeutic techniques in the approach to children with this condition is proven. Objective: To identify the effects of folk percussion on human body movement in autism spectrum disorder Materials and Methods: We are talking about a case analysis, in which we worked with an infant diagnosed with ASD in the city of Barranquilla. Analysis to be done in the metropolis of Barranquilla throughout the period between July 2021 and June 2022. The object of analysis is gathered in an infant named from now on SHN, 12 years old, who has a diagnosis of autism spectrum disorder; is the youngest of 2 siblings, emerged by cesarean section and term. At age 3 he has been diagnosed with autism spectrum disorders. He is an infant who has a type of single-parent family, that is, his parents are divorced, but despite that SHN has a long family nucleus because he lives with his maternal grandparents, older brother of 18 years, cousins one of 6 years and another of 11 years. At an early age he had a focus on specific toys (which rotated) and colors, which at certain times harmed their relationship, however, this changed and is already more participatory and included. Results: Regarding extensibility in better limbs, paratonia in both better and lower limbs, passivity, right and left hand diadochokinesias, there was an important difference in relation to the initial examination, since there was a remarkable improvement in these subfactors. However, it can be said that in the subfactor of oral synkinesia one can look at a comparative regression to the initial examination. when doing the exploration of all the items of the dynamic equilibrium subfactor, it has been possible to see that the items of feet joined back, and of feet linked with closed eyes there was an important difference with respect to the initial examination, because there was improvement in doing the work. As for the subfactor of static balance, no considerable differences were found, because all items such as rectilinear support, tip of the feet, seconded on one foot, remained in a dyspractic profile. Conclusions: The data obtained in the present research corroborate with the participation program based on folkloric percussion in the infant with autism spectrum disorders it has been possible to look at significant positive changes in the element of tonicity in resources such as extensibility in better limbs, paratonia in both better and lower limbs, passivity, diadochokinesias right and left hand, there was an important difference from the initial examination, as there was a marked improvement in these sub-factors. Regarding the dynamic balance subfactor, it became evident that the items of feet linked behind, and of feet linked with closed eyes showed important difference with respect to the initial examination, because there was improvement in doing the work; however, in relation to static balance, no considerable differences were found, because all items such as rectilinear support, tip of the feet, seconded on one foot, remained in a dyspractic profile. With respect to the laterality component, improvement was seen in the manual laterality item, because it taught greater use of a specific side when doing occupations such as, for example, simulating cutting a paper and writing, unlike the initial examination. In the Body Idea Component, a noticeable difference in the kinesthetic sense item is tested from a grade 3 to 4; in the rest of the sub-factors, the rating was maintained. It can be noted that the drawing (in the Body Drawing subfactor) has been more symmetrical (in terms of details) following the participation than in the initial examination. A degree of global praxia was noted a good dissociation in MMSS and MMII as well as a significant difference in the speed item, revealing a perfect motor planning and precise self-control, with kinesthetic song. In praxia last there is a difference in the item of manual dynamic coordination because it took less time to assemble a bracelet with the clips, as well as in the subfactor of speed and accuracy where there was a notable improvement in the execution of the work. Based on the results of this case analysis, positive changes are observed in certain motor components of the participating infant, with greater emphasis on MMSS.
Descripción
Palabras clave
Años, Diagnóstico, Trastorno, Espectro autista, Ciudad, Denominado, Niño, Superiores, Miembros, Inicial, Examinación, Paratonía, Subfactores, Eupraxico, Comparación, Inferiores