Sarcopenia en adultos mayores que residen en hogares geriátricos del norte de Barranquilla, en el periodo febrero y abril del año 2022
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Fecha
2022
Autores
Contreras Mendoza, Danela Yinez
Prieto Jiménez, Maira Alejandra
Redondo Arroyo, Olga Patricia
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Ediciones Universidad Simón Bolívar
Facultad Ciencias de la Salud
Facultad Ciencias de la Salud
Resumen
La sarcopenia tiene un origen complejo y multifactorial. Existe una pérdida muscular a partir de los 30 años y el proceso se acelera a partir de los 60 años y se ve relacionado con la senectud, pero hay otros factores asociados que pueden ir modificándose con la edad. La inactividad física es uno de estos factores, un estilo de vida sedentario o bien por una inactividad física forzada debido a una enfermedad, discapacidad o incluso a una hospitalización. En España un estudio realizado en el año 2016 encontró que la mayoría eran personas mayores de 70 años que vivían en 7 residencias de 3 provincias españolas (Barcelona, Madrid y Vizcaya). Según el estudio la afectación de la función muscular es muy prevalente y nueve de cada diez pacientes tienen disminuida la fuerza y/o la velocidad de la marcha, aunque solo uno de cada tres presenta sarcopenia según la definición de consenso de la EWGSOP. Un trabajo realizado en Cuba con 651 hombres y mujeres, mayores de 60 años, evaluó la masa muscular apendicular y la fuerza de agarre manual para diagnosticar sarcopenia. Los autores consideran que la prevalencia de Sarcopenia está relacionada con el método diagnóstico y este dependerá principalmente de las características de la muestra del estudio. En conclusión, la sarcopenia es una enfermedad progresiva y generalizada que se da en el envejecimiento en el sistema músculo esquelético, caracterizada por una disminución de la fuerza muscular, de la masa muscular y finalmente del rendimiento físico. Objetivos General: Establecer la prevalencia de Sarcopenia en los adultos mayores residentes en hogares geriátricos del norte de Barranquilla Específicos: Describir las características sociodemográficas y de salud de los adultos mayores participantes en el estudio. caracterizar la fuerza, capacidad para caminar, levantarse de una silla, subir unas escaleras y frecuencia de caídas en los adultos mayores participantes Relacionar la sarcopenia con las variables estudiadas en los participantes. Materiales y Métodos: Paradigma y tipo de investigación: La investigación se desarrolló dentro del paradigma cuantitativo, ya que se buscó establecer la prevalencia de la sarcopenia en un grupo de adultos mayores. El tipo de investigación fue descriptiva porque se evalúo la frecuencia y la distribución de las variables estudiadas relacionadas con la sarcopenia en los sujetos de estudio, y transversal debido a que los datos de las variables se recopilaron entre los meses de febrero y abril del año 2022. Población y muestra Está constituida por los adultos mayores residentes en 4 hogares geriátricos del norte Barranquilla. La muestra fue no probabilística, constituida por los adultos mayores que cumplieron los criterios de inclusión. Criterios de inclusión Adultos mayores de 60 años Residentes en hogares geriátricos del norte de Barranquilla Que acepten participar mediante el consentimiento informado Criterios de exclusión personas en sillas de ruedas personas que no entiendan ni cumplan ordenes fuentes de información: Las fuentes de información que se utilizaron fueron las primarias, las cuales están constituidas por los datos obtenidos en las encuestas y/o pruebas aplicadas directamente a los adultos mayores participantes. Instrumento para recolección de la información para la recolección de los datos sociodemográficos y de salud se aplicó una encuesta diseñada por las investigadoras. Para determinar la sarcopenia se utilizó el cuestionario SARC-F, el cual es un instrumento que permite evaluar la fuerza muscular a través de un método de evaluación y puntuación en el cual los pacientes examinan sus habilidades en 5 parámetros: fuerza, capacidad para caminar, levantarse de una silla, subir unas escaleras y frecuencia de caídas; para cada componente, los pacientes son evaluados con 0, 1 o 2 puntos (0 representa ninguna dificultad, 1 supone alguna dificultad y 2 mucha dificultad o incapacidad). La puntuación total va de 0 a 10, los pacientes que registran 4 puntos o más se determina como probable sarcopenia. Tabulación, procesamiento de datos y análisis de la información: Los datos recolectados se tabularon en un documento Excel, se sistematizaron y analizaron en el software SPSS v.22 con licencia de la universidad Simón Bolívar. Los resultados de datos univariados se presentan como frecuencias absolutas y relativas. Aspectos éticos Según el artículo 11 de la resolución 08430 de 1993 esta investigación es de riesgo mínimo ya que se aplicaron pruebas físicas sin riesgo para la integridad de los sujetos de estudio. Todos los participantes dieron su consentimiento para la aplicación del cuestionario y las pruebas, previa explicación de estos. Resultados: Dentro de los resultados se encontró que se presentan la frecuencia de cada uno de los criterios de sarcopenia y la prevalencia de esta según el SARC-F. El 14,6% de las personas presenta alguna dificultad para cargar peso y el 24,3% mucha dificultad o es incapaz; el 19,5% requiere alguna asistencia para caminar y el mismo porcentaje presenta mucha asistencia o es incapaz de caminar; el 31,8% de las personas presentan alguna dificultad para levantarse de una silla, 14,6% mucha dificultad o es incapaz; el 31,7% presenta alguna dificultad para subir escaleras y el 21,9% presentan mucha dificultad o son incapaces; el 29,2% han tenido de 1 a 3 caídas y el 2,4% presentan 4 o más caídas en el último año; finalmente el 43,9% dan positivo para Sarcopenia. La mayor frecuencia de sarcopenia se encontró en las mujeres con el 83,33%, en cuanto a la edad se observa que el rango con mayor frecuencia de personas con sarcopenia es el de 90 años y más con el 50%, seguido del rango de 80 – 89 años con el 33,33%. Conclusiones: La prevalencia de sarcopenia en los hogares geriátricos del norte de Barranquilla en el presente estudio fue mayor en las mujeres con el 83,33% y en el rango de edad de 90 años y más, cabe destacar que en este rango todas las personas eran mujeres, pero esto no quiere decir que no se pueda presentar en adultos mayores con menos edad. La sarcopenia es una enfermedad frecuente en el adulto mayor y constituye un problema que impacta en la calidad de vida.
Sarcopenia has a complex and multifactorial origin. There is muscle loss from the age of 30 and the process accelerates from the age of 60 and is related to senescence, but there are other associated factors that can change with age. Physical inactivity is one of these factors, a sedentary lifestyle or forced physical inactivity due to illness, disability or even hospitalization. In Spain, a study carried out in 2016 found that the majority were people over 70 years of age who lived in 7 residences in 3 Spanish provinces (Barcelona, Madrid and Vizcaya). According to the study, impairment of muscle function is very prevalent and nine out of ten patients have decreased walking strength and/or speed, although only one in three presents sarcopenia according to the EWGSOP consensus definition. A study carried out in Cuba with 651 men and women, over 60 years of age, evaluated appendicular muscle mass and hand grip strength to diagnose sarcopenia. The authors consider that the prevalence of Sarcopenia is related to the diagnostic method and this will depend mainly on the characteristics of the study sample. In conclusion, sarcopenia is a progressive and generalized disease that occurs with aging in the musculoskeletal system, characterized by a decrease in muscle strength, muscle mass and finally physical performance. Objectives General: Establish the prevalence of Sarcopenia in older adults residing in nursing homes in the north of Barranquilla. Specifics: Describe the sociodemographic and health characteristics of the older adults participating in the study. characterize the strength, ability to walk, get up from a chair, climb stairs and frequency of falls in the participating older adults Relate sarcopenia to the variables studied in the participants. Materials and methods: Paradigm and type of research: The research was developed within the quantitative paradigm, since it sought to establish the prevalence of sarcopenia in a group of older adults. The type of research was descriptive because the frequency and distribution of the studied variables related to sarcopenia in the study subjects were evaluated, and transversal because the data on the variables were collected between the months of February and April 2022. Population and sample It is made up of older adults residing in 4 geriatric homes in northern Barranquilla. The sample was non-probabilistic, consisting of older adults who met the inclusion criteria. Inclusion criteria Adults over 60 years old Residents in nursing homes in the north of Barranquilla That they agree to participate through informed consent Exclusion criteria People in wheelchairs People who do not understand or follow orders Information sources: The sources of information that were used were the primary ones, which are made up of the data obtained in the surveys and/or tests applied directly to the participating older adults. Instrument for collecting information To collect sociodemographic and health data, a survey designed by the researchers was applied. To determine sarcopenia, the SARC-F questionnaire was used, which is an instrument that allows evaluating muscle strength through an evaluation and scoring method in which patients examine their abilities in 5 parameters: strength, ability to walk, getting up from a chair, climbing stairs and frequency of falls; For each component, patients are evaluated with 0, 1 or 2 points (0 represents no difficulty, 1 represents some difficulty and 2 represents a lot of difficulty or disability). The total score ranges from 0 to 10, patients who register 4 points or more are determined to have probable sarcopenia. Tabulation, data processing and information analysis: The data collected was tabulated in an Excel document, systematized and analyzed in the SPSS v.22 software licensed by the Simón Bolívar University. Results from univariate data are presented as absolute and relative frequencies. Ethical aspects According to article 11 of resolution 08430 of 1993, this research is of minimal risk since physical tests were applied without risk to the integrity of the study subjects. All participants gave their consent for the application of the questionnaire and the tests, after explaining them. Results: Within the results it was found that the frequency of each of the sarcopenia criteria and its prevalence according to the SARC-F are presented. 14.6% of people have some difficulty carrying weight and 24.3% have great difficulty or are unable; 19.5% require some assistance to walk and the same percentage has a lot of assistance or is unable to walk; 31.8% of people have some difficulty getting up from a chair, 14.6% have great difficulty or are unable to; 31.7% have some difficulty climbing stairs and 21.9% have great difficulty or are incapable; 29.2% have had 1 to 3 falls and 2.4% have 4 or more falls in the last year; Finally, 43.9% test positive for Sarcopenia. The highest frequency of sarcopenia was found in women with 83.33%. Regarding age, it is observed that the range with the highest frequency of people with sarcopenia is 90 years and older with 50%, followed by the range of 80 – 89 years old with 33.33%. Conclusions: The prevalence of sarcopenia in the nursing homes in the north of Barranquilla in the present study was higher in women with 83.33% and in the age range of 90 years and over, it should be noted that in this range all people They were women, but this does not mean that it cannot occur in older adults at a younger age. Sarcopenia is a common disease in older adults and is a problem that impacts quality of life.
Sarcopenia has a complex and multifactorial origin. There is muscle loss from the age of 30 and the process accelerates from the age of 60 and is related to senescence, but there are other associated factors that can change with age. Physical inactivity is one of these factors, a sedentary lifestyle or forced physical inactivity due to illness, disability or even hospitalization. In Spain, a study carried out in 2016 found that the majority were people over 70 years of age who lived in 7 residences in 3 Spanish provinces (Barcelona, Madrid and Vizcaya). According to the study, impairment of muscle function is very prevalent and nine out of ten patients have decreased walking strength and/or speed, although only one in three presents sarcopenia according to the EWGSOP consensus definition. A study carried out in Cuba with 651 men and women, over 60 years of age, evaluated appendicular muscle mass and hand grip strength to diagnose sarcopenia. The authors consider that the prevalence of Sarcopenia is related to the diagnostic method and this will depend mainly on the characteristics of the study sample. In conclusion, sarcopenia is a progressive and generalized disease that occurs with aging in the musculoskeletal system, characterized by a decrease in muscle strength, muscle mass and finally physical performance. Objectives General: Establish the prevalence of Sarcopenia in older adults residing in nursing homes in the north of Barranquilla. Specifics: Describe the sociodemographic and health characteristics of the older adults participating in the study. characterize the strength, ability to walk, get up from a chair, climb stairs and frequency of falls in the participating older adults Relate sarcopenia to the variables studied in the participants. Materials and methods: Paradigm and type of research: The research was developed within the quantitative paradigm, since it sought to establish the prevalence of sarcopenia in a group of older adults. The type of research was descriptive because the frequency and distribution of the studied variables related to sarcopenia in the study subjects were evaluated, and transversal because the data on the variables were collected between the months of February and April 2022. Population and sample It is made up of older adults residing in 4 geriatric homes in northern Barranquilla. The sample was non-probabilistic, consisting of older adults who met the inclusion criteria. Inclusion criteria Adults over 60 years old Residents in nursing homes in the north of Barranquilla That they agree to participate through informed consent Exclusion criteria People in wheelchairs People who do not understand or follow orders Information sources: The sources of information that were used were the primary ones, which are made up of the data obtained in the surveys and/or tests applied directly to the participating older adults. Instrument for collecting information To collect sociodemographic and health data, a survey designed by the researchers was applied. To determine sarcopenia, the SARC-F questionnaire was used, which is an instrument that allows evaluating muscle strength through an evaluation and scoring method in which patients examine their abilities in 5 parameters: strength, ability to walk, getting up from a chair, climbing stairs and frequency of falls; For each component, patients are evaluated with 0, 1 or 2 points (0 represents no difficulty, 1 represents some difficulty and 2 represents a lot of difficulty or disability). The total score ranges from 0 to 10, patients who register 4 points or more are determined to have probable sarcopenia. Tabulation, data processing and information analysis: The data collected was tabulated in an Excel document, systematized and analyzed in the SPSS v.22 software licensed by the Simón Bolívar University. Results from univariate data are presented as absolute and relative frequencies. Ethical aspects According to article 11 of resolution 08430 of 1993, this research is of minimal risk since physical tests were applied without risk to the integrity of the study subjects. All participants gave their consent for the application of the questionnaire and the tests, after explaining them. Results: Within the results it was found that the frequency of each of the sarcopenia criteria and its prevalence according to the SARC-F are presented. 14.6% of people have some difficulty carrying weight and 24.3% have great difficulty or are unable; 19.5% require some assistance to walk and the same percentage has a lot of assistance or is unable to walk; 31.8% of people have some difficulty getting up from a chair, 14.6% have great difficulty or are unable to; 31.7% have some difficulty climbing stairs and 21.9% have great difficulty or are incapable; 29.2% have had 1 to 3 falls and 2.4% have 4 or more falls in the last year; Finally, 43.9% test positive for Sarcopenia. The highest frequency of sarcopenia was found in women with 83.33%. Regarding age, it is observed that the range with the highest frequency of people with sarcopenia is 90 years and older with 50%, followed by the range of 80 – 89 years old with 33.33%. Conclusions: The prevalence of sarcopenia in the nursing homes in the north of Barranquilla in the present study was higher in women with 83.33% and in the age range of 90 years and over, it should be noted that in this range all people They were women, but this does not mean that it cannot occur in older adults at a younger age. Sarcopenia is a common disease in older adults and is a problem that impacts quality of life.
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Palabras clave
Sarcopenia, Adulto mayor, Fuerza, Masa muscular, Fuerza muscular