El impacto de la inteligencia artificial en los derechos laborales en Colombia: un análisis desde la seguridad jurídica y la transformación del trabajo
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Fecha
2025
Autores
Muñoz Castañeda, Joel Aurelio
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Ediciones Universidad Simón Bolívar
Facultad de Ciencias Jurídicas y Sociales
Facultad de Ciencias Jurídicas y Sociales
Resumen
El impacto de la inteligencia artificial (IA) en los derechos laborales en Colombia representa oportunidad y desafío, transformando los procesos de automatización del trabajo y exigiendo una constante actualización de las normativas laborales. La digitalización creciente del entorno laboral ha intensificado la necesidad de garantizar la protección de los trabajadores frente a los cambios acelerados que impone la tecnología. A medida que las empresas adoptan sistemas de IA, los empleados deben desarrollar nuevas habilidades más especializadas para adaptarse a un mercado laboral en evolución, no obstante, la legislación vigente no ha logrado mantenerse al ritmo de estas transformaciones, dejando vacíos normativos que pueden comprometer la estabilidad y seguridad de los trabajadores en el constante de cambio. Si bien la inteligencia artificial representa una oportunidad para la optimización de procesos y el crecimiento de múltiples sectores, también plantea interrogantes sobre cómo debe regularse su implementación en el ámbito laboral, pues las empresas buscan cada vez más eficiencia y reducción de costos, por lo que el uso de la IA podría redefinir las estructuras organizacionales y transformar la dinámica entre empleadores y trabajadores. Sin una regulación clara y actualizada, se corre el riesgo de que la automatización reemplace empleos y debilite la estabilidad laboral y los derechos adquiridos a lo largo de décadas de lucha sindical y social, por tanto, se debe analizar cómo Colombia puede anticiparse a dichos desafíos y garantizar que la IA sea una herramienta de desarrollo equitativo y sostenible. Según estudios recientes, como los de Aguilera (2019), Granados (2022), Grigera y Nava (2021) y Villalba et al. (2023) sectores como la manufactura, el agrario y el comercial en Colombia están entre los más vulnerables a la sustitución de puestos de trabajo por sistemas automatizados, lo cual, ha generado un clima de incertidumbre, especialmente entre aquellos trabajadores con menor nivel educativo, cuyas funciones suelen ser repetitivas y, por lo tanto, más susceptibles a ser reemplazadas por tecnología. La velocidad con la que avanza la IA plantea el reto de encontrar un equilibrio entre la optimización de procesos y la protección de los empleados, evitando deje sin alternativas a quienes dependen de dichos empleos para su estabilidad económica. La ausencia de normas adaptadas a la nueva realidad evidencia la necesidad de establecer un marco legal que equilibre la modernización del trabajo con la preservación de los derechos laborales, evitando que la automatización se convierta en un factor de precarización en lugar de una herramienta para el progreso (Echarri, 2021). La implementación de algoritmos en procesos de selección y gestión de talento puede generar discriminación algorítmica o afectar la privacidad de los empleados sin su consentimiento informado (Muñoz & Londoño, 2021; como se citó en Cabrera y Yanez, 2024). Por ello, la necesidad de establecer normativas que regulen el uso ético de la inteligencia artificial en el trabajo es urgente, de lo contrario, el desarrollo tecnológico avanzará sin control, dejando a los trabajadores expuestos a decisiones automatizadas que no siempre consideran principios de equidad y justicia (Cabrera y Yanez, 2024; Echarri, 2021). En Colombia es una problemática que se agrava debido a la falta de normativas que regulen explícitamente la relación entre el uso de IA y la dignidad laboral. La ausencia de un marco jurídico claro que garantice la primacía del ser humano sobre la automatización deja expuestos a los trabajadores a condiciones laborales más vulnerables, con una menor capacidad de negociación y un alto riesgo de ser desplazados por sistemas cada vez más autónomos. La regulación de la IA en el ámbito laboral debe proteger la privacidad de los empleados, estableciendo mecanismos claros que eviten el uso indiscriminado de estas tecnologías como herramientas de control y exclusión. Granados (2022) destaca que la implementación de la IA en los procesos empresariales puede optimizar la productividad sin comprometer el bienestar de los empleados si se aplica un enfoque regulado y ético. La adopción de estándares de gobernanza para la inteligencia artificial puede ayudar a mitigar los impactos negativos, asegurando que las tecnologías sean utilizadas para mejorar las condiciones laborales y no para aumentar la precarización del empleo. El país debe encontrar un equilibrio entre la innovación tecnológica y la protección de los derechos de los trabajadores. Se requiere avanzar en la construcción de un marco normativo que se adapte a la nueva realidad, garantizando que la implementación de la IA no se traduzca en precarización laboral ni en la vulneración de garantías fundamentales. Solo con una regulación adecuada será posible aprovechar el potencial de la tecnología como un motor de desarrollo, más no como un riesgo para la justicia social y la estabilidad en el empleo.
The impact of artificial intelligence (AI) on labor rights in Colombia represents both an opportunity and a challenge, transforming work automation processes and requiring constant updating of labor regulations. The growing digitalization of the work environment has intensified the need to guarantee the protection of workers against the accelerated changes imposed by technology. As companies adopt AI systems, employees must develop new, more specialized skills to adapt to an evolving labor market. However, current legislation has not been able to keep pace with these transformations, leaving regulatory gaps that can compromise the stability and security of workers in the constant state of change. While artificial intelligence represents an opportunity for process optimization and growth in multiple sectors, it also raises questions about how its implementation in the workplace should be regulated, as companies are increasingly seeking efficiency and cost reduction, so the use of AI could redefine organizational structures and transform the dynamics between employers and workers. Without clear and updated regulation, there is a risk that automation will replace jobs and weaken job stability and the rights acquired over decades of union and social struggle. Therefore, it is necessary to analyze how Colombia can anticipate these challenges and ensure that AI is a tool for equitable and sustainable development. According to recent studies, such as those by Aguilera (2019), Granados (2022), Grigera and Nava (2021) and Villalba et al. (2023) Sectors such as manufacturing, agriculture and commerce in Colombia are among the most vulnerable to the replacement of jobs by automated systems, which has generated a climate of uncertainty, especially among workers with a lower level of education, whose functions tend to be repetitive and, therefore, more susceptible to being replaced by technology. The speed at which AI advances poses the challenge of finding a balance between process optimization and employee protection, avoiding leaving those who depend on such jobs for their economic stability without alternatives. The absence of regulations adapted to the new reality highlights the need to establish a legal framework that balances the modernization of work with the preservation of labor rights, preventing automation from becoming a factor of precariousness instead of a tool for progress (Echarri, 2021). The implementation of algorithms in talent selection and management processes can generate algorithmic discrimination or affect the privacy of employees without their informed consent (Muñoz & Londoño, 2021; as cited in Cabrera and Yanez, 2024). Therefore, the need to establish regulations that govern the ethical use of artificial intelligence at work is urgent, otherwise, technological development will advance uncontrolled, leaving workers exposed to automated decisions that do not always consider principles of equity and justice (Cabrera and Yanez, 2024; Echarri, 2021). In Colombia, this is a problem that is aggravated by the lack of regulations that explicitly regulate the relationship between the use of AI and labor dignity. The absence of a clear legal framework that guarantees the primacy of the human being over automation leaves workers exposed to more vulnerable working conditions, with less negotiating capacity and a high risk of being displaced by increasingly autonomous systems. AI regulation in the workplace must protect employee privacy, establishing clear mechanisms to prevent the indiscriminate use of these technologies as tools of control and exclusion. Granados (2022) highlights that the implementation of AI in business processes can optimize productivity without compromising employee well-being if a regulated and ethical approach is applied. The adoption of governance standards for artificial intelligence can help mitigate negative impacts, ensuring that technologies are used to improve working conditions and not to increase job insecurity. The country must find a balance between technological innovation and the protection of workers' rights. Progress is needed in building a regulatory framework that adapts to the new reality, ensuring that the implementation of AI does not result in job insecurity or the violation of fundamental guarantees. Only with adequate regulation will it be possible to take advantage of the potential of technology as an engine of development, but not as a risk to social justice and job stability
The impact of artificial intelligence (AI) on labor rights in Colombia represents both an opportunity and a challenge, transforming work automation processes and requiring constant updating of labor regulations. The growing digitalization of the work environment has intensified the need to guarantee the protection of workers against the accelerated changes imposed by technology. As companies adopt AI systems, employees must develop new, more specialized skills to adapt to an evolving labor market. However, current legislation has not been able to keep pace with these transformations, leaving regulatory gaps that can compromise the stability and security of workers in the constant state of change. While artificial intelligence represents an opportunity for process optimization and growth in multiple sectors, it also raises questions about how its implementation in the workplace should be regulated, as companies are increasingly seeking efficiency and cost reduction, so the use of AI could redefine organizational structures and transform the dynamics between employers and workers. Without clear and updated regulation, there is a risk that automation will replace jobs and weaken job stability and the rights acquired over decades of union and social struggle. Therefore, it is necessary to analyze how Colombia can anticipate these challenges and ensure that AI is a tool for equitable and sustainable development. According to recent studies, such as those by Aguilera (2019), Granados (2022), Grigera and Nava (2021) and Villalba et al. (2023) Sectors such as manufacturing, agriculture and commerce in Colombia are among the most vulnerable to the replacement of jobs by automated systems, which has generated a climate of uncertainty, especially among workers with a lower level of education, whose functions tend to be repetitive and, therefore, more susceptible to being replaced by technology. The speed at which AI advances poses the challenge of finding a balance between process optimization and employee protection, avoiding leaving those who depend on such jobs for their economic stability without alternatives. The absence of regulations adapted to the new reality highlights the need to establish a legal framework that balances the modernization of work with the preservation of labor rights, preventing automation from becoming a factor of precariousness instead of a tool for progress (Echarri, 2021). The implementation of algorithms in talent selection and management processes can generate algorithmic discrimination or affect the privacy of employees without their informed consent (Muñoz & Londoño, 2021; as cited in Cabrera and Yanez, 2024). Therefore, the need to establish regulations that govern the ethical use of artificial intelligence at work is urgent, otherwise, technological development will advance uncontrolled, leaving workers exposed to automated decisions that do not always consider principles of equity and justice (Cabrera and Yanez, 2024; Echarri, 2021). In Colombia, this is a problem that is aggravated by the lack of regulations that explicitly regulate the relationship between the use of AI and labor dignity. The absence of a clear legal framework that guarantees the primacy of the human being over automation leaves workers exposed to more vulnerable working conditions, with less negotiating capacity and a high risk of being displaced by increasingly autonomous systems. AI regulation in the workplace must protect employee privacy, establishing clear mechanisms to prevent the indiscriminate use of these technologies as tools of control and exclusion. Granados (2022) highlights that the implementation of AI in business processes can optimize productivity without compromising employee well-being if a regulated and ethical approach is applied. The adoption of governance standards for artificial intelligence can help mitigate negative impacts, ensuring that technologies are used to improve working conditions and not to increase job insecurity. The country must find a balance between technological innovation and the protection of workers' rights. Progress is needed in building a regulatory framework that adapts to the new reality, ensuring that the implementation of AI does not result in job insecurity or the violation of fundamental guarantees. Only with adequate regulation will it be possible to take advantage of the potential of technology as an engine of development, but not as a risk to social justice and job stability
Descripción
Palabras clave
Inteligencia artificial, Derechos laborales, Tecnología, Automatización, Normatividad laboral, Seguridad jurídica