Construcción de la representación social de los roles de cuidado en familias de migrantes venezolanas en la ciudad de Santa Marta
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Fecha
2024
Autores
Rodríguez Charris, Alicia
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Ediciones Universidad Simón Bolívar
Facultad de Ciencias Jurídicas y Sociales
Facultad de Ciencias Jurídicas y Sociales
Resumen
La migración ha sido un fenómeno constante en la historia humana, influyendo en la economía y las dinámicas sociales de numerosas poblaciones. En la actualidad, la migración internacional es un tema prioritario en la agenda global, con países que desarrollan políticas y estrategias para enfrentar las consecuencias de los movimientos masivos de personas. Un caso destacado es la migración venezolana, que desde el año 2000 ha registrado un incremento significativo, alcanzando en 2023 una cifra de 7.722.579 migrantes, de los cuales 2.900.000 se encuentran en Colombia según la Plataforma de Coordinación Inter agencial para Refugiados y Migrantes de Venezuela (R4V, 2023a). El presente estudio se enfoca en las familias venezolanas migrantes ubicadas en la ciudad de Santa Marta, Colombia, con el objetivo de analizar las representaciones sociales de los roles de cuidado en dicho contexto. Además, el trabajo visibiliza el tema desde una perspectiva de género, cuestionando cómo se ven afectadas las relaciones de género en los procesos migratorios. Estas relaciones, históricamente basadas en la división sexual del trabajo, la separación entre los espacios público y privado, y la asignación diferenciada de roles, son clave para comprender la distribución de los roles de cuidado en familias migrantes. A través de una metodología cualitativa, sustentada en el paradigma interpretativo o histórico – hermenéutico, con la aplicación de entrevistas grupales y un diseño fenomenológico, se desarrolló una investigación de campo, que permitió explorar las dinámicas de distribución de los cuidados en estas familias y las motivaciones para migrar. La muestra para este proceso de investigación correspondió a 5 familias migrantes provenientes de Venezuela, ubicados en la ciudad de Santa Marta, ya que, esta ciudad ha acogido a una cantidad significativa de migrantes provenientes de Venezuela, lo que la convierte en un escenario relevante para comprender las experiencias de estas familias, asimismo, el tipo de muestreo fue por conveniencia. Entre las conclusiones obtenidas destacan el mantenimiento de los roles de género, siendo, en ocasiones, asumidos por las mujeres adolescentes de la familia y, excepcionalmente, por los hombres adolescentes. A lo anterior, se le añade que la familia se consideró una red de apoyo fundamental, siendo el principal proveedor de cuidado y soporte emocional. Sin embargo, al reunificar a las familias en Colombia, tras el traslado desde Venezuela, se rompió la red de apoyos que tenían en su país de origen, y los integrantes de la familia tuvieron que asumir nuevamente la carga del cuidado. Aunque se mencionan sentimientos de culpa y preocupación, también se destaca la felicidad y tranquilidad asociadas a la reunificación familiar.
Migration has been a constant phenomenon throughout human history, influencing the economy and social dynamics of numerous populations. Today, international migration is a priority issue on the global agenda, with countries developing policies and strategies to address the consequences of massive movements of people. A notable case is Venezuelan migration, which has seen a significant increase since 2000, reaching 7,722,579 migrants in 2023, of which 2,900,000 are located in Colombia, according to the Inter-Agency Coordination Platform for Refugees and Migrants from Venezuela (R4V, 2023a). This study focuses on Venezuelan migrant families located in the city of Santa Marta, Colombia, with the aim of analyzing the social representations of caregiving roles in this context. Furthermore, the study highlights the issue from a gender perspective, questioning how gender relations are affected in migratory processes. These relations, historically based on the sexual division of labor, the separation between public and private spaces, and the differentiated assignment of roles, are key to understanding the distribution of caregiving roles in migrant families. Through a qualitative methodology, supported by the interpretive or historicalhermeneutic paradigm, using group interviews and a phenomenological design, a field investigation was conducted. This allowed for the exploration of caregiving dynamics within these families and the motivations behind their migration. The research sample consisted of 5 migrant families from Venezuela, located in the city of Santa Marta, which has hosted a significant number of Venezuelan migrants, making it a relevant setting to understand the experiences of these families. The sampling method was convenience sampling. Among the conclusions, the persistence of gender roles was noted, often being taken on by adolescent girls in the family and, in exceptional cases, by adolescent boys. In addition, the family was considered a fundamental support network, acting as the main provider of care and emotional support. However, upon the reunification of families in Colombia after migrating from Venezuela, the support networks they had in their country of origin were disrupted, and family members had to once again take on caregiving responsibilities. While feelings of guilt and concern were mentioned, the happiness and peace of mind associated with family reunification were also highlighted.
Migration has been a constant phenomenon throughout human history, influencing the economy and social dynamics of numerous populations. Today, international migration is a priority issue on the global agenda, with countries developing policies and strategies to address the consequences of massive movements of people. A notable case is Venezuelan migration, which has seen a significant increase since 2000, reaching 7,722,579 migrants in 2023, of which 2,900,000 are located in Colombia, according to the Inter-Agency Coordination Platform for Refugees and Migrants from Venezuela (R4V, 2023a). This study focuses on Venezuelan migrant families located in the city of Santa Marta, Colombia, with the aim of analyzing the social representations of caregiving roles in this context. Furthermore, the study highlights the issue from a gender perspective, questioning how gender relations are affected in migratory processes. These relations, historically based on the sexual division of labor, the separation between public and private spaces, and the differentiated assignment of roles, are key to understanding the distribution of caregiving roles in migrant families. Through a qualitative methodology, supported by the interpretive or historicalhermeneutic paradigm, using group interviews and a phenomenological design, a field investigation was conducted. This allowed for the exploration of caregiving dynamics within these families and the motivations behind their migration. The research sample consisted of 5 migrant families from Venezuela, located in the city of Santa Marta, which has hosted a significant number of Venezuelan migrants, making it a relevant setting to understand the experiences of these families. The sampling method was convenience sampling. Among the conclusions, the persistence of gender roles was noted, often being taken on by adolescent girls in the family and, in exceptional cases, by adolescent boys. In addition, the family was considered a fundamental support network, acting as the main provider of care and emotional support. However, upon the reunification of families in Colombia after migrating from Venezuela, the support networks they had in their country of origin were disrupted, and family members had to once again take on caregiving responsibilities. While feelings of guilt and concern were mentioned, the happiness and peace of mind associated with family reunification were also highlighted.
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Palabras clave
Representación social, Roles de cuidado, Migración internacional, Familias migrantes Venezolanas