Plantas con actividad larvicida frente al mosquito Aedes aegypti L.: Revisión sistemática de los últimos 12 años
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2024
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Ediciones Universidad Simón Bolívar
Facultad de Ciencias Básicas y Biomédicas
Facultad de Ciencias Básicas y Biomédicas
Resumen
El mosquito Aedes aegypti L. (Diptera: Culidae) es el principal vector del dengue, una enfermedad epidémica que representa un grave problema de salud pública (OMS, 2024). En el país, el Instituto Nacional de Salud ha reportado hasta la semana 20 del 2024 un total de 147,175 casos de dengue, con una incidencia nacional de 384 casos por cada 100,000 habitantes. Esto representa un aumento del 361.3 % en comparación con el mismo período del año anterior. Como estrategia para controlar el vector y reducir los casos de dengue, el uso de insecticidas convencionales es la primera elección. Sin embargo, el uso prolongado de estas sustancias ha generado resistencia en los mosquitos debido a la presión por exposición continua. Además, ha presentado intoxicaciones en humanos y diversas especies no objetivo, así como daños ambientales. De acuerdo con lo anterior, la búsqueda de alternativas más seguras y sostenibles es una prioridad. Esta revisión sistemática analizó la actividad larvicida de plantas contra larvas de Aedes aegypti durante los últimos 12 años, la búsqueda de información se hizo en las bases de datos Pubmed, ScienceDirect, SciELO y Google Scholar usando búscadores booleanos, conjugando palabras y frases cortas como; actividad larvicida + plantas + Aedes aegypti + CL50, tanto en inglés y español. Los resultados de las búsquedas arrojaron 36 artículos que cumplían las especificaciones de revisión. En estos artículos se identificaron 62 plantas con actividad larvicida, pertenecientes a 29 familias diferentes. Los estudios revisados demuestran que los larvicidas de origen vegetal son una opción prometedora para el control de Aedes aegypti, con el potencial de reemplazar gradualmente el uso de pesticidas organofosforados como el temefos, que supone un gran riesgo para la salud humana y el medio ambiente. Si bien los resultados son alentadores, se necesitan más estudios aplicativos y de campo para evaluar la eficacia y seguridad de estos larvicidas naturales en condiciones reales. Es crucial continuar investigando y desarrollando alternativas sostenibles al control químico del dengue, para proteger la salud pública y el equilibrio de los ecosistemas.
The Aedes aegypti L. (Diptera: Culicidae) mosquito is the main vector of dengue, a disease that represents a global public health problem. According to the epidemiological report of the National Institute of Health, up to week 19 of 2024, 137,175 cases of dengue were reported in the country, with a national incidence of dengue of 384 cases per 100,000 inhabitants, which represents an increase of 361.3% compared to the same period of the previous year. As a strategy to control the vector and reduce dengue cases, the use of conventional insecticides is the first choice. However, the prolonged use of these substances has generated resistance in mosquitoes, through continuous exposure pressure that has selected genes that give mosquitoes resistance to control substances. In addition, it has led to intoxications in humans and various non-target species, as well as environmental damage. Accordingly, the search for safer and more sustainable alternatives is a priority. Accordingly, the search for safer and more sustainable alternatives is a priority. This systematic review analyzed the larvicidal activity of plants against Aedes aegypti larvae during the last 12 years, the search for information was done in Pubmed, ScienceDirect, SciELO and Google Scholar databases using Boolean search engines, conjugating words and short phrases such as: larvicidal activity + plants + Aedes aegypti + CL50, both in English and Spanish. The search results yielded 36 articles that met the review specifications. These articles identified 62 plants with larvicidal activity, belonging to 29 different families. The reviewed studies demonstrate that plant-derived larvicides are a promising option for the control of Aedes aegypti, with the potential to gradually replace the use of organophosphate and carbamate pesticides, which pose a great risk to human health and the environment. While the results are encouraging, further field and application studies are needed to evaluate the efficacy and safety of these natural larvicides under real-world conditions. It is crucial to continue researching and developing sustainable alternatives to chemical control of dengue to protect public health and ecosystem balance.
The Aedes aegypti L. (Diptera: Culicidae) mosquito is the main vector of dengue, a disease that represents a global public health problem. According to the epidemiological report of the National Institute of Health, up to week 19 of 2024, 137,175 cases of dengue were reported in the country, with a national incidence of dengue of 384 cases per 100,000 inhabitants, which represents an increase of 361.3% compared to the same period of the previous year. As a strategy to control the vector and reduce dengue cases, the use of conventional insecticides is the first choice. However, the prolonged use of these substances has generated resistance in mosquitoes, through continuous exposure pressure that has selected genes that give mosquitoes resistance to control substances. In addition, it has led to intoxications in humans and various non-target species, as well as environmental damage. Accordingly, the search for safer and more sustainable alternatives is a priority. Accordingly, the search for safer and more sustainable alternatives is a priority. This systematic review analyzed the larvicidal activity of plants against Aedes aegypti larvae during the last 12 years, the search for information was done in Pubmed, ScienceDirect, SciELO and Google Scholar databases using Boolean search engines, conjugating words and short phrases such as: larvicidal activity + plants + Aedes aegypti + CL50, both in English and Spanish. The search results yielded 36 articles that met the review specifications. These articles identified 62 plants with larvicidal activity, belonging to 29 different families. The reviewed studies demonstrate that plant-derived larvicides are a promising option for the control of Aedes aegypti, with the potential to gradually replace the use of organophosphate and carbamate pesticides, which pose a great risk to human health and the environment. While the results are encouraging, further field and application studies are needed to evaluate the efficacy and safety of these natural larvicides under real-world conditions. It is crucial to continue researching and developing sustainable alternatives to chemical control of dengue to protect public health and ecosystem balance.
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Palabras clave
Aedes aegypti, Dengue, Control de vectores, Plantas con actividad larvicida
