Actividad antibacteriana de extractos etanólicos obtenidos de Teobroma bicolor bonpl y Ficus benjamina recolectados en Solano-Caquetá (Región amazonia) contra patógenos de importancia clínica
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2024
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Ediciones Universidad Simón Bolívar
Facultad de Ciencias Básicas y Biomédicas
Facultad de Ciencias Básicas y Biomédicas
Resumen
Introducción. Los antibióticos han sido clave para salvar vidas, avanzar en la medicina y la farmacología, pero la resistencia bacteriana es un creciente problema de salud pública. Según la OMS en 2024, muchas enfermedades infecciosas son causadas por bacterias, que pueden provenir de alimentos, agua contaminada y entornos sanitarios deficientes. Se están explorando nuevas formas de combatir la resistencia de ciertos patógenos a los tratamientos antimicrobianos, y las plantas han emergiendo como una opción prometedora. Estas se consideran como posibles alternativas para desarrollar nuevos tratamientos efectivos contra microorganismos tanto sensibles como resistentes. Objetivo. En este estudio, se evaluó la actividad antibacteriana de los extractos etanólicos obtenidos de T. bicolor bonpl y F. benjamina contra cuatro patógenos de importancia clínica (E. coli, K. pneumoniae, S. aureus y S. warneri). Metodología. Se realizó un estudio experimental con diseño factorial, donde se evaluó el porcentaje de inhibición bacteriana como variable dependiente, y el tipo bacteria y de extracto como variables independientes. Para obtener los extractos, el material vegetal de T. bicolor bonpl y F. benjamina se recolectó en el municipio de Solano, departamento de Caquetá, fue clasificado por un botánico experto y depositado en el Herbario de la Universidad de la Amazonia. Posteriormente, se trasladó al laboratorio de Nanotecnología y Química de la Universidad Simón Bolívar, donde fue lavado con abundante agua y secado en un horno con flujo de aire continuo a 40°C por tres días, seguidamente se trituró y depositó en botellas de vidrio con etanol al 96 % por 4 semanas. Una vez completado el tiempo de extracción, el producto se filtró y secó mediante rotaevaporación al vacío. Luego, se realizó una caracterización fitoquímica preliminar siguiendo los lineamientos descritos por Bilbao en 1997 y procesos estandarizados por nuestro equipo de trabajo. La actividad antibacteriana se determinó mediante el método de microdilución establecido por el CLSI en 2022 y procesos estandarizados por nuestro equipo de trabajo, en este proceso se testeo cada extracto a una concentración de 500 μg/mL. Análisis estadístico. Cada experimento se realizó por triplicado, los resultados fueron respaldados por un análisis estadístico que buscaba establecer similitudes o diferencias entre cada tratamiento, mediante una ANOVA de una vía y un análisis Post Hoc (Tukey) con el software Graphpad Prism versión 9.3.
Introduction. Antibiotics have been key to saving lives, advancing medicine and pharmacology, but bacterial resistance is a growing public health problem. According to WHO in 2024, many infectious diseases are caused by bacteria, which can come from food, contaminated water and poor sanitary environments. New ways to combat the resistance of certain pathogens to antimicrobial treatments are being explored, and plants have emerged as a promising option. Plants are being considered as possible alternatives for developing new effective treatments against both sensitive and resistant microorganisms. Objective. In this study, the antibacterial activity of ethanolic extracts obtained from T. bicolor bonpl and F. benjamina was evaluated against four clinically important pathogens (E. coli, K. pneumoniae, S. aureus and S. warneri). Methodology. An experimental study was carried out with a factorial design, where the percentage of bacterial inhibition was evaluated as a dependent variable, and the type of bacteria and extract as independent variables. To obtain the extracts, the plant material of T. bicolor bonpl and F. benjamina was collected in the municipality of Solano, department of Caquetá, classified by an expert botanist and deposited in the Herbarium of the Universidad de la Amazonia. Subsequently, it was transferred to the Nanotechnology and Chemistry laboratory of the Universidad Simón Bolívar, where it was washed with abundant water and dried in an oven with continuous air flow at 40°C for three days, then it was crushed and deposited in glass bottles with 96 % ethanol for 4 weeks. Once the extraction time was completed, the product was filtered and dried by rotary evaporation under vacuum. Then, a preliminary phytochemical characterization was performed following the guidelines described by Bilbao in 1997 and processes standardized by our work team. The antibacterial activity was determined using the microdilution method established by CLSI in 2022 and processes standardized by our work team, in this process each extract was tested at a concentration of 500 μg/mL.
Introduction. Antibiotics have been key to saving lives, advancing medicine and pharmacology, but bacterial resistance is a growing public health problem. According to WHO in 2024, many infectious diseases are caused by bacteria, which can come from food, contaminated water and poor sanitary environments. New ways to combat the resistance of certain pathogens to antimicrobial treatments are being explored, and plants have emerged as a promising option. Plants are being considered as possible alternatives for developing new effective treatments against both sensitive and resistant microorganisms. Objective. In this study, the antibacterial activity of ethanolic extracts obtained from T. bicolor bonpl and F. benjamina was evaluated against four clinically important pathogens (E. coli, K. pneumoniae, S. aureus and S. warneri). Methodology. An experimental study was carried out with a factorial design, where the percentage of bacterial inhibition was evaluated as a dependent variable, and the type of bacteria and extract as independent variables. To obtain the extracts, the plant material of T. bicolor bonpl and F. benjamina was collected in the municipality of Solano, department of Caquetá, classified by an expert botanist and deposited in the Herbarium of the Universidad de la Amazonia. Subsequently, it was transferred to the Nanotechnology and Chemistry laboratory of the Universidad Simón Bolívar, where it was washed with abundant water and dried in an oven with continuous air flow at 40°C for three days, then it was crushed and deposited in glass bottles with 96 % ethanol for 4 weeks. Once the extraction time was completed, the product was filtered and dried by rotary evaporation under vacuum. Then, a preliminary phytochemical characterization was performed following the guidelines described by Bilbao in 1997 and processes standardized by our work team. The antibacterial activity was determined using the microdilution method established by CLSI in 2022 and processes standardized by our work team, in this process each extract was tested at a concentration of 500 μg/mL.
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Palabras clave
Actividad antibacteriana, Metabolitos secundarios, Extractos etanólicos, Resistencia a antibióticos
