Factores asociados a las caídas en las personas mayores post pandemia de COVID-19
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Fecha
2023
Autores
Sarmiento Nieves, Astrid Carolina
Torres Ortega, Angela Vanessa
Sanjuanelo Barreto , Andrés Felipe
Cataño Pacheco , Sally Carolina
Lizarazo Almanza , Arvi Fabián
Oliveros Charris, Leonela Margarita
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Ediciones Universidad Simón Bolívar
Facultad Ciencias de la Salud
Facultad Ciencias de la Salud
Resumen
La pandemia por COVID-19 incluye el confinamiento obligatorio en casa, con el objetivo de favorecer el distanciamiento, dado que el contacto cercano con personas infectadas aumenta la probabilidad de contagio, por consiguiente, estas restricciones de la participación en actividades al aire libre, así como los desplazamientos redunda en el incremento de la inactividad física y de comportamientos sedentarios, favoreciendo el desacondicionamiento físico. De acuerdo con la OMS, las caídas son sucesos involuntarios que hacen perder el equilibrio y dar con el cuerpo en el suelo o en otra superficie firme que lo detenga. Las lesiones causadas por las caídas pueden ser mortales; en consecuencia, este confinamiento por la pandemia para los adultos mayores estaría generando en la parte física: una pérdida gradual de la masa corporal y fuerza muscular, alteración del equilibrio y enfermedades crónicas. Habitualmente, las caídas en las personas mayores tienen un origen multifactorial. Así, el riesgo de sufrir una caída se incrementa de forma proporcional con el número de factores asociados que concurren los cuales pueden ser intrínsecos y extrínsecos, de manera que cuantos más factores confluyan en la persona mayor, más alto será el riesgo de que este caiga. Objetivo: Determinar los factores asociados a las caídas en las personas mayores post pandemia de COVID-19. Metodología: Este trabajo se realizó bajo el enfoque cuantitativo que se centra en la recolección de datos para probar una hipótesis con base en la medición numérica y el análisis estadístico. Investigación de tipo descriptiva de corte transversal, muestra no probabilística de 147 personas mayores de 60 años, que vivían en Barranquilla y aceptaran participar en el estudio. Se excluyeron las personas en cama y los institucionalizados. Asimismo, La información se recolectó mediante una encuesta con preguntas sobre variables sociodemográficas y características de las caídas, como también, escala de Barthel, Lawton y viñeta COOP WONCA. Esta encuesta fue realizada en Microsoft Forms, se tabuló en el programa Excel y los datos se analizaron en el software SPSS v.24, por el cual, los resultados se presentan como frecuencias absolutas y relativas, las relaciones de las variables se analizan mediante el Chi 2. Resultados: La prevalencia de caídas fue de 20,4%, las mujeres tuvieron mayor frecuencia de caídas, la edad con mayor riesgo de caídas oscila entre los 70 a 79 años, el sistema más afectado fue el cardiovascular, también se pudo detectar que la causa más común de la caída fue el tropiezo y el lugar más frecuente de las caídas fue dentro de las viviendas. La consecuencia de mayor frecuencia fueron las heridas con el 23,3% y regular miedo a caer con el 46,7%. Se encontró asociación entre la dependencia en las AVDs antes de la caída p=0,006 y después de la caída p=0,02 Conclusión: La prevalencia de caídas es semejante a otros estudios realizados en diferentes países, evidenciando la magnitud del problema en este grupo etario, y la relación de los factores asociados a estas, los cuales se pueden potencializar si no se abordan oportunamente. Este estudio contribuyó a conocer la prevalencia de los índices de morbilidad y mortalidad y saber con claridad como cambian sus actividades de la vida diaria ya que una vez presentan estos sucesos se tornan dependientes limitando su funcionalidad.
The COVID-19 pandemic includes mandatory confinement at home, with the aim of promoting distancing, given that close contact with infected people increases the probability of contagion, therefore, these restrictions on participation in outdoor activities, as well as how traveling results in an increase in physical inactivity and sedentary behaviors, favoring physical deconditioning. According to the WHO, falls are involuntary events that cause you to lose your balance and hit the body on the ground or another firm surface that stops you. Injuries caused by falls can be fatal; Consequently, this confinement due to the pandemic for older adults would be generating on the physical side: a gradual loss of body mass and muscle strength, alteration of balance and chronic diseases. Falls in older people usually have a multifactorial origin. Thus, the risk of suffering a fall increases proportionally with the number of associated factors that occur, which can be intrinsic and extrinsic, so that the more factors that come together in the elderly person, the higher the risk of falling. Objective: Determine the factors associated with falls in older people post COVID-19 pandemic. Methodology: This work was carried out under the quantitative approach that focuses on data collection to test a hypothesis based on numerical measurement and statistical analysis. Descriptive cross-sectional research, non-probabilistic sample of 147 people over 60 years of age, who lived in Barranquilla and agreed to participate in the study. People in bed and those institutionalized were excluded. Likewise, the information was collected through a survey with questions about sociodemographic variables and characteristics of falls, as well as the Barthel, Lawton scale and COOP WONCA vignette. This survey was carried out in Microsoft Forms, it was tabulated in the Excel program and the data were analyzed in the SPSS v.24 software, by which the results are presented as absolute and relative frequencies, the relationships of the variables are analyzed using the Chi 2. Results: The prevalence of falls was 20.4%, women had a higher frequency of falls, the age with the highest risk of falls ranged from 70 to 79 years, the most affected system was the cardiovascular system, it was also possible to detect that The most common cause of falls was tripping and the most frequent place for falls was inside homes. The most frequent consequence was injuries with 23.3% and regular fear of falling with 46.7%. An association was found between dependence on ADLs before the fall p=0.006 and after the fall p=0.02 Conclusion: The prevalence of falls is similar to other studies carried out in different countries, evidencing the magnitude of the problem in this age group, and the relationship of the factors associated with them, which can be enhanced if they are not addressed in a timely manner. This study contributed to knowing the prevalence of morbidity and mortality rates and knowing clearly how their daily living activities change since once they experience these events they become dependent, limiting their functionality.
The COVID-19 pandemic includes mandatory confinement at home, with the aim of promoting distancing, given that close contact with infected people increases the probability of contagion, therefore, these restrictions on participation in outdoor activities, as well as how traveling results in an increase in physical inactivity and sedentary behaviors, favoring physical deconditioning. According to the WHO, falls are involuntary events that cause you to lose your balance and hit the body on the ground or another firm surface that stops you. Injuries caused by falls can be fatal; Consequently, this confinement due to the pandemic for older adults would be generating on the physical side: a gradual loss of body mass and muscle strength, alteration of balance and chronic diseases. Falls in older people usually have a multifactorial origin. Thus, the risk of suffering a fall increases proportionally with the number of associated factors that occur, which can be intrinsic and extrinsic, so that the more factors that come together in the elderly person, the higher the risk of falling. Objective: Determine the factors associated with falls in older people post COVID-19 pandemic. Methodology: This work was carried out under the quantitative approach that focuses on data collection to test a hypothesis based on numerical measurement and statistical analysis. Descriptive cross-sectional research, non-probabilistic sample of 147 people over 60 years of age, who lived in Barranquilla and agreed to participate in the study. People in bed and those institutionalized were excluded. Likewise, the information was collected through a survey with questions about sociodemographic variables and characteristics of falls, as well as the Barthel, Lawton scale and COOP WONCA vignette. This survey was carried out in Microsoft Forms, it was tabulated in the Excel program and the data were analyzed in the SPSS v.24 software, by which the results are presented as absolute and relative frequencies, the relationships of the variables are analyzed using the Chi 2. Results: The prevalence of falls was 20.4%, women had a higher frequency of falls, the age with the highest risk of falls ranged from 70 to 79 years, the most affected system was the cardiovascular system, it was also possible to detect that The most common cause of falls was tripping and the most frequent place for falls was inside homes. The most frequent consequence was injuries with 23.3% and regular fear of falling with 46.7%. An association was found between dependence on ADLs before the fall p=0.006 and after the fall p=0.02 Conclusion: The prevalence of falls is similar to other studies carried out in different countries, evidencing the magnitude of the problem in this age group, and the relationship of the factors associated with them, which can be enhanced if they are not addressed in a timely manner. This study contributed to knowing the prevalence of morbidity and mortality rates and knowing clearly how their daily living activities change since once they experience these events they become dependent, limiting their functionality.
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Palabras clave
Adulto mayor, Caídas, Factores de riesgo, Infecciones por coronavirus (covid-19)