Evaluación del impacto de la bioacumulación de microplásticos en peces de cuerpos de agua dulce y marinos en Colombia
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Fecha
2025
Autores
Barrios Fragoso, Darlyn Liseth
Rodríguez Navas, Melliza Paola
Sánchez Martínez, María Isabel
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Ediciones Universidad Simón Bolívar
Facultad de Ciencias Básicas y Biomédicas
Facultad de Ciencias Básicas y Biomédicas
Resumen
La contaminación por microplásticos constituye una de las principales amenazas ambientales para los ecosistemas acuáticos, debido a su persistencia, capacidad de transporte de contaminantes y potencial de bioacumulación en organismos acuáticos. Esta investigación tuvo como objetivo analizar la bioacumulación de microplásticos en peces de distintos ecosistemas de Colombia, mediante una revisión bibliográfica comparativa de estudios publicados entre 2015 y 2025.
La metodología se basó en la búsqueda, selección y análisis crítico de artículos científicos en bases de datos nacionales e internacionales, considerando variables como el tipo de ecosistema, especie, morfología de los microplásticos, vías de ingreso y efectos fisiológicos reportados. Los resultados muestran que los ecosistemas marino-costeros y de manglar concentran la mayor cantidad de estudios, con predominio en los departamentos de Valle del Cauca, Nariño, Atlántico, Bolívar, Córdoba, Huila, Antioquia y Magdalena.
Las fibras y filamentos fueron las formas más abundantes de microplásticos, asociadas al desgaste de textiles, redes de pesca y residuos domésticos. La ingestión directa e indirecta se identificó como la principal vía de incorporación, con acumulación preferente en el tracto digestivo. Asimismo, se documentaron efectos fisiológicos relevantes como alteraciones hepáticas, estrés oxidativo, disrupción endocrina y disminución del factor de condición, que reflejan el impacto de estas partículas sobre la salud y el bienestar de las especies acuáticas.
Este estudio aporta información actualizada sobre la distribución y efectos de los microplásticos en peces de ecosistemas colombianos, resaltando la necesidad de fortalecer las investigaciones sobre bioacumulación y contaminación plástica en ambientes dulceacuícolas.
Microplastic pollution constitutes one of the main environmental threats to aquatic ecosystems, due to its persistence, contaminant transport capacity and bioaccumulation potential in aquatic organisms. This research aimed to analyze the bioaccumulation of microplastics in fish from different ecosystems in Colombia, through a comparative bibliographic review of studies published between 2015 and 2025. The methodology was based on the search, selection and critical analysis of scientific articles in national and international databases, considering variables such as the type of ecosystem, species, morphology of microplastics, routes of entry and reported physiological effects. The results show that marine-coastal and mangrove ecosystems concentrate the largest numberH of studies, with predominance in the departments of Valle del Cauca, Nariño, Atlántico, Bolívar, Córdoba, Huila, Antioquia and Magdalena. Fibers and filaments were the most abundant forms of microplastics, associated with the wear and tear of textiles, fishing nets and household waste. Direct and indirect ingestion was identified as the main route of incorporation, with preferential accumulation in the digestive tract. Likewise, relevant physiological effects were documented such as liver alterations, oxidative stress, endocrine disruption and a decrease in the condition factor, which reflect the impact of these particles on the health and well-being of aquatic species. This study provides updated information on the distribution and effects of microplastics in fish from Colombian ecosystems, highlighting the need to strengthen research on bioaccumulation and plastic pollution in freshwater environments.
Microplastic pollution constitutes one of the main environmental threats to aquatic ecosystems, due to its persistence, contaminant transport capacity and bioaccumulation potential in aquatic organisms. This research aimed to analyze the bioaccumulation of microplastics in fish from different ecosystems in Colombia, through a comparative bibliographic review of studies published between 2015 and 2025. The methodology was based on the search, selection and critical analysis of scientific articles in national and international databases, considering variables such as the type of ecosystem, species, morphology of microplastics, routes of entry and reported physiological effects. The results show that marine-coastal and mangrove ecosystems concentrate the largest numberH of studies, with predominance in the departments of Valle del Cauca, Nariño, Atlántico, Bolívar, Córdoba, Huila, Antioquia and Magdalena. Fibers and filaments were the most abundant forms of microplastics, associated with the wear and tear of textiles, fishing nets and household waste. Direct and indirect ingestion was identified as the main route of incorporation, with preferential accumulation in the digestive tract. Likewise, relevant physiological effects were documented such as liver alterations, oxidative stress, endocrine disruption and a decrease in the condition factor, which reflect the impact of these particles on the health and well-being of aquatic species. This study provides updated information on the distribution and effects of microplastics in fish from Colombian ecosystems, highlighting the need to strengthen research on bioaccumulation and plastic pollution in freshwater environments.
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Palabras clave
Microplásticos, Bioacumulación, Peces, Ecosistemas acuáticos, Efectos fisiológicos, Colombia
