Evaluación de la actividad larvicida del extracto etanólico de las hojas de Persea americana Mill. (Variedad Lorena) frente a la especie Aedes aegypti L. (Diptera Culicidae)
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Fecha
2024
Autores
Pacheco Vides, Meidys Leonor
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Ediciones Universidad Simón Bolívar
Facultad de Ciencias Básicas y Biomédicas
Facultad de Ciencias Básicas y Biomédicas
Resumen
El principal vector transmisor del virus del dengue es la hembra del mosquito Aedes aegypti, un insecto hematófago que requiere sangre para satisfacer sus necesidades metabólicas y para el desarrollo de sus huevos. En condiciones tropicales y subtropicales, la hembra puede oviponer un aproximado de hasta 200 huevos. El dengue es una enfermedad viral que afecta a la población mundial, no diferencia nivel socioeconómico, género o raza. Según la Organización Mundial de la Salud, aproximadamente 390 millones de personas a nivel global contraen el virus, de los cuales, solo 100 millones manifiestan los síntomas en diferentes categorías clasificados como dengue con y sin signos de alarma y dengue grave. Debido a la falta de una vacuna efectiva para la prevención de brotes por dengue, los planes gubernamentales incentivan el uso de insecticidas para el control vectorial; sin embargo, la prolongación y uso de estos químicos generan daños al medio ambiente, intoxicaciones y resistencia en poblaciones del mosquito Ae. aegypti. El estudio de las plantas medicinales es importante en el campo de la etnobotánica y farmacología. Las plantas contienen compuestos activos que tienen efectos beneficiosos para la salud humana. En esta investigación se estudió el potencial efecto larvicida sobre cepas Rockerfeller de Ae. aegypti del extracto etanólico de las hojas de Persea americana, recolectado en los Montes de María, ubicado en el corregimiento El Camarón del municipio de Carmen de Bolívar en el departamento de Bolívar (Colombia). Los resultados de la marcha fitoquímica mostraron la presencia de metabolitos secundarios tipo alcaloides, cumarinas, triterpenos, esteroles, flavonoides, taninos y saponinas, existiendo variaciones en el tipo y proporción de metabolitos en cada extracto. Respecto al análisis de actividad larvicida, el extracto mostró 100% de mortalidad a las 24 horas de bioensayo. Las concentraciones letales 50 y 90 fueron de 32,7 μg/mL y 40,3 μg/mL, respectivamente, indicando que la efectividad del extracto de hojas del aguacate (Var. Lorena). Finalmente, el extracto es promisorio para la búsqueda de moléculas activas contra el control de Ae. aegypti, el principal vector de dengue.
The main transmitting vector of the dengue virus is the female Aedes aegypti mosquito, a blood-feeding insect that requires blood for its own metabolism and egg development. In tropical and subtropical conditions, the female can lay approximately up to 200 eggs. Dengue is a viral disease that affects the global population, without distinguishing socioeconomic status, gender, or race. According to the World Health Organization, approximately 390 million people globally contract the virus, of which only 100 million manifest symptoms in different categories classified as dengue with and without warning signs, and severe dengue. Due to the lack of an effective vaccine for dengue outbreak prevention, government plans encourage the use of insecticides for vector control; however, the prolonged use of these chemicals leads to environmental damage, intoxication, and resistance in Ae. aegypti mosquito populations. The study of medicinal plants is important in the field of ethnobotany and pharmacology. Plants contain active compounds that have beneficial effects on human health. This research investigated the potential larvicidal effect on Ae. aegypti Rockefeller strain of ethanolic extract obtained from leaves of Persea americana, collected in the Montes de María, located in the El Camarón district of Carmen de Bolívar municipality in the Bolívar department (Colombia). Phytochemical screening results showed the presence of secondary metabolites such as alkaloids, coumarins, triterpenes, sterols, flavonoids, tannins, and saponins, with variations in the type and proportion of metabolites in each extract. Regarding larvicidal activity analysis, the extract showed 100% mortality at 24 hours of bioassay. The lethal concentrations 50 and 90 were 32.7 μg/mL and 40.3 μg/mL, respectively, indicating the effectiveness of avocado leaf extract (Var. Lorena). Finally, the extract holds promise for the search for active molecules against the control of Ae. aegypti, the main dengue vector.
The main transmitting vector of the dengue virus is the female Aedes aegypti mosquito, a blood-feeding insect that requires blood for its own metabolism and egg development. In tropical and subtropical conditions, the female can lay approximately up to 200 eggs. Dengue is a viral disease that affects the global population, without distinguishing socioeconomic status, gender, or race. According to the World Health Organization, approximately 390 million people globally contract the virus, of which only 100 million manifest symptoms in different categories classified as dengue with and without warning signs, and severe dengue. Due to the lack of an effective vaccine for dengue outbreak prevention, government plans encourage the use of insecticides for vector control; however, the prolonged use of these chemicals leads to environmental damage, intoxication, and resistance in Ae. aegypti mosquito populations. The study of medicinal plants is important in the field of ethnobotany and pharmacology. Plants contain active compounds that have beneficial effects on human health. This research investigated the potential larvicidal effect on Ae. aegypti Rockefeller strain of ethanolic extract obtained from leaves of Persea americana, collected in the Montes de María, located in the El Camarón district of Carmen de Bolívar municipality in the Bolívar department (Colombia). Phytochemical screening results showed the presence of secondary metabolites such as alkaloids, coumarins, triterpenes, sterols, flavonoids, tannins, and saponins, with variations in the type and proportion of metabolites in each extract. Regarding larvicidal activity analysis, the extract showed 100% mortality at 24 hours of bioassay. The lethal concentrations 50 and 90 were 32.7 μg/mL and 40.3 μg/mL, respectively, indicating the effectiveness of avocado leaf extract (Var. Lorena). Finally, the extract holds promise for the search for active molecules against the control of Ae. aegypti, the main dengue vector.
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Palabras clave
Aedes aegypti, Dengue, Resistencia, Actividad larvicida, Persea americana
