El principio de congruencia flexible en Colombia un retroceso al sistema procesal penal inquisitivo
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Fecha
2022
Autores
De León Cárdenas, Iván René
Díaz Muvdi, Raúl Eduardo
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Ediciones Universidad Simón Bolívar
Facultad de Ciencias Jurídicas y Sociales
Facultad de Ciencias Jurídicas y Sociales
Resumen
El procedimiento penal colombiano es regulado por la ley 906 de 2004 la cual estableció un proceso penal con tendencia acusatoria teniendo como principio fundante la dignidad humana al igual que un conjunto de principios y garantías a favor de los procesados con el cual se pretende la obtención de la verdad e impartir justicia sin ninguna clase de abusos como sucedía en la antigüedad. Entre estas garantías insertadas por el nuevo sistema procesal de carácter acusatorio implementado en nuestro país encontramos el principio de congruencia que consiste en la necesidad de establecer una conexión lógica entre la adecuación típica que se les otorga a los hechos jurídicos relevantes en la formulación de imputación y la sentencia. Mediante esta figura se materializan los derechos y garantías de las personas procesadas como el derecho a la defensa. La congruencia en el proceso penal era totalmente rígida es decir no existía ninguna
posibilidad de que el procesado se condenará por un delito diferente al acusado, sin embargo con el transcurrir del tiempo este tópico ha sufrido un amplio desarrollo jurisprudencial a través de La Honorable corte suprema de justicia en su sala de casación penal la cual ha manifestado una serie de posturas frente al principio de congruencia hasta llegar a la tesis actual la que consiste en flexibilizar el principio de congruencia en su componente jurídico. Lo cual significa que el juzgador puede modificar la adecuación típica solo por un delito menor al que inicialmente fue imputado que no modifique el núcleo factico de la imputación y que no vulnere los derechos de las partes del proceso. El presente trabajo de investigación rechaza la postura de la Honorable corte suprema de justicia de flexibilizar el principio de congruencia toda vez que al permitirle al juez la posibilidad de modificar la adecuación típica imputada por la fiscalía consiste en dotar al juez con la doble función de juzgar y acusar, lo cual atenta con el derecho a la imparcialidad, a la defensa y el principio acusatorio siendo estos pilares fundamentales de nuestro sistema penal actual de carácter acusatorio, de tal forma que ante la ausencia de estas garantías procesales propias del sistema penal acusatorio estaríamos retrocediendo a un sistema penal inquisitivo. Para la realización del presente ensayo se aplicó revisión bibliográfica junto con un análisis jurisprudencial de sentencias de la H. corte suprema de justicia. En el presente trabajo de investigación se concluyó que nuestro sistema penal de carácter acusatorio cuenta con una serie de principios y garantías a favor del procesado lo cual lo diferencia claramente del proceso penal inquisitivo, por tal motivo al permitir la flexibilización del principio de congruencia en su componente jurídico estaríamos eliminando de nuestro sistema penal de carácter acusatorio el derecho a la imparcialidad del juez, el derecho a la defensa, el principio acusatorio lo cual conlleva a que ya no estaríamos frente a un procedimiento penal acusatorio sino que regresaríamos aquel sistema penal inquisitivo en el cual no existían ninguna de estas garantías y principios procesales.
The Colombian criminal procedure is regulated by Law 906 of 2004, which established a criminal process with an accusatory tendency, having human dignity as a founding principle, as well as a set of principles and guarantees in favor of the accused, with which it is intended to obtain the truth and deliver justice without any kind of abuse as happened in ancient times. Among these guarantees inserted by the new accusatory procedural system implemented in our country we find the principle of congruence that consists of the need to establish a logical connection between the typical adequacy that is granted to the relevant legal facts in the formulation of imputation and sentence. Through this figure, the rights and guarantees of the processed persons are materialized, such as the right to defense. The consistency in the criminal process was totally rigid, that is, there was no possibility that the accused would be convicted of a different crime than the accused, however with the passage of time this topic has undergone extensive jurisprudential development through the Honorable Supreme Court of justice in its criminal cassation room which has expressed a series of positions against the principle of consistency until reaching the current thesis, which consists of making the principle of consistency more flexible in its legal component. Which means that the judge can modify the typical adequacy only for a misdemeanor to which he was initially charged that does not modify the factual core of the accusation and that does not violate the rights of the parts. The present research work rejects the position of the Honorable Supreme Court of Justice to make the principle of consistency more flexible, since by allowing the judge the possibility of modifying the typical adequacy imputed by the prosecution, it consists of providing the judge with the double function of judging. and accuse, which violates the right to impartiality, defense and the accusatory principle, these being fundamental pillars of our current penal system of an accusatory nature, in such a way that in the absence of these procedural guarantees of the accusatory penal system we would be going back to an inquisitorial penal system. To carry out this essay, a bibliographic review was applied together with a jurisprudential analysis of sentences of the Supreme Court of Justice. In the present research work, it was concluded that our criminal system of an accusatory nature has a series of principles and guarantees in favor of the accused, which clearly differentiates it from the inquisitorial criminal process, for this reason by allowing the flexibility of the principle of consistency in its legal component, we would be eliminating from our penal system of an accusatory nature the right to the impartiality of the judge, the right to defense, the accusatory principle, which means that we would no longer be facing an accusatory criminal procedure, but rather we would return to that inquisitorial penal system in which none of these guarantees and procedural principles existed.
The Colombian criminal procedure is regulated by Law 906 of 2004, which established a criminal process with an accusatory tendency, having human dignity as a founding principle, as well as a set of principles and guarantees in favor of the accused, with which it is intended to obtain the truth and deliver justice without any kind of abuse as happened in ancient times. Among these guarantees inserted by the new accusatory procedural system implemented in our country we find the principle of congruence that consists of the need to establish a logical connection between the typical adequacy that is granted to the relevant legal facts in the formulation of imputation and sentence. Through this figure, the rights and guarantees of the processed persons are materialized, such as the right to defense. The consistency in the criminal process was totally rigid, that is, there was no possibility that the accused would be convicted of a different crime than the accused, however with the passage of time this topic has undergone extensive jurisprudential development through the Honorable Supreme Court of justice in its criminal cassation room which has expressed a series of positions against the principle of consistency until reaching the current thesis, which consists of making the principle of consistency more flexible in its legal component. Which means that the judge can modify the typical adequacy only for a misdemeanor to which he was initially charged that does not modify the factual core of the accusation and that does not violate the rights of the parts. The present research work rejects the position of the Honorable Supreme Court of Justice to make the principle of consistency more flexible, since by allowing the judge the possibility of modifying the typical adequacy imputed by the prosecution, it consists of providing the judge with the double function of judging. and accuse, which violates the right to impartiality, defense and the accusatory principle, these being fundamental pillars of our current penal system of an accusatory nature, in such a way that in the absence of these procedural guarantees of the accusatory penal system we would be going back to an inquisitorial penal system. To carry out this essay, a bibliographic review was applied together with a jurisprudential analysis of sentences of the Supreme Court of Justice. In the present research work, it was concluded that our criminal system of an accusatory nature has a series of principles and guarantees in favor of the accused, which clearly differentiates it from the inquisitorial criminal process, for this reason by allowing the flexibility of the principle of consistency in its legal component, we would be eliminating from our penal system of an accusatory nature the right to the impartiality of the judge, the right to defense, the accusatory principle, which means that we would no longer be facing an accusatory criminal procedure, but rather we would return to that inquisitorial penal system in which none of these guarantees and procedural principles existed.
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Palabras clave
Principio de congruencia, Derecho a la defensa, Sistema procesal penal acusatorio, Sistema procesal penal inquisitivo, Congruence principle, Right of defence, Accusatory criminal procedural system, Inquisitorial criminal procedural system