Susceptibilidad a organofosforados e identificación de mecanismos de resistencia en poblaciones de Aedes aegypti (Díptera: Culicidae) de los municipios de Ayapel y Planeta Rica (Córdoba, Colombia)
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Fecha
2024
Autores
García Leal, Yerson Javier
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Ediciones Universidad Simón Bolívar
Facultad de Ciencias Básicas y Biomédicas
Facultad de Ciencias Básicas y Biomédicas
Resumen
El dengue es una enfermedad de interés en salud pública para el departamento de Córdoba.
Para su control, se han usado los insecticidas como principal estrategia dirigidas al mosquito
vector Aedes aegypti; sin embargo, la presión de selección con insecticidas sobre el vector
ha originado resistencia a organofosforados y piretroides, registrada en los municipios de
Pueblo Nuevo, de San Bernardo del Viento y Montería, y la identificación en las poblaciones
de Ae. aegypti en este último municipio de mutaciones kdr y alteración de enzimas como
mecanismos de resistencia. Para las demás poblaciones del departamento se desconoce el
estado de la susceptibilidad a estos insecticidas aplicados para el control, así como no se
cuenta con información que documente la existencia de mutaciones en el gen Ace-1 para
Colombia como un posible mecanismo de resistencia. Evaluamos el estado actual de la
susceptibilidad a organofosforados y los mecanismos de resistencia enzimáticos y en sitio
blanco de acción en poblaciones de Ae. aegypti de los municipios de Ayapel y Planeta Rica.
Se realizaron bioensayos de susceptibilidad a dosis diagnóstica para temefos siguiendo la
metodología de la Organización Mundial de la Salud (OMS); malatión, fenitrotion y
pirimifos metil siguiendo la metodología del Centro para la Prevención y Control de
Enfermedades (CDC). En las poblaciones de Ae. aegypti donde se registró resistencia, se
determinó la intensidad de la resistencia. Se realizó búsqueda de mutaciones en el gen Ace1 y finalmente, se identificaron los niveles de glutatión s-transferasas, α- esterasas, -
esterasas, oxidasas de función mixta y acetilcolinesterasa insensible. Se encontró
susceptibilidad a temefos, malatión y pirimifos metil; baja y alta intensidad de resistencia a
fenitrotión para las poblaciones de Ayapel y Planeta Rica, respectivamente. Esta resistencia
se encontró relacionada con la alteración enzimática, para α-esterasa, β-esterasa, GST e
iAChE. Además, se identificó una mutación sinónima (C108T), la cual no está relacionada a
la resistencia a organofosforados. La información obtenida resulta útil para el fortalecimiento
de las políticas públicas en el control vectorial recomendando así, el uso de los
organofosforados temefos, malation y pirimifosmetil como estrategia de prevención de
futuras epidemias de Dengue, Zika y Chikunguya en Ayapel y Planeta Rica.
Dengue is a disease of public health concern in the department of Córdoba. For its control, insecticides have been used as the main strategy directed to the mosquito vector Aedes aegypti; however, the selection pressure with insecticides on the vector has originated resistance to organophosphates and pyrethroids, registered in the municipalities of Pueblo Nuevo, San Bernardo del Viento and Montería, and the identification in the populations of Ae. aegypti in the latter municipality of kdr mutations and enzyme alteration as resistance mechanisms. For the other populations in the department, the status of susceptibility to these insecticides applied for control is unknown, and there is no information documenting the existence of mutations in the Ace-1 gene for Colombia as a possible mechanism of resistance. We evaluated the current status of susceptibility to organophosphates and enzymatic and target site resistance mechanisms in Ae. aegypti populations in the municipalities of Ayapel and Planeta Rica. Susceptibility bioassays were performed at diagnostic doses for temephos following the methodology of the World Health Organization (WHO); malathion, fenitrothion and pirimiphos methyl following the methodology of the Center for Disease Control and Prevention (CDC). In Ae. aegypti populations where resistance was recorded, the intensity of resistance was determined. A search for mutations in the Ace-1 gene was carried out and finally, the levels of glutathione S-Transferases, α-esterase, β-esterase, mixed function oxidases and insensitive acetylcholinesterase were identified. Susceptibility to temephos, malathion and pirimiphos methyl; low and high intensity of resistance to fenitrothion was found for the Ayapel and Planeta Rica populations, respectively. This resistance was found to be related to enzymatic alteration, for α-esterase, β-esterase, GST and iAChE. In addition, a synonymous mutation (C108T) was identified, which is not related to organophosphate resistance. The information obtained is useful for the strengthening of public policies in vector control, thus recommending the use of the organophosphates temephos, malathion and pirimiphosmethyl as a strategy for the prevention of future epidemics of Dengue, Zika and Chikungunya in Ayapel and Planeta Rica.
Dengue is a disease of public health concern in the department of Córdoba. For its control, insecticides have been used as the main strategy directed to the mosquito vector Aedes aegypti; however, the selection pressure with insecticides on the vector has originated resistance to organophosphates and pyrethroids, registered in the municipalities of Pueblo Nuevo, San Bernardo del Viento and Montería, and the identification in the populations of Ae. aegypti in the latter municipality of kdr mutations and enzyme alteration as resistance mechanisms. For the other populations in the department, the status of susceptibility to these insecticides applied for control is unknown, and there is no information documenting the existence of mutations in the Ace-1 gene for Colombia as a possible mechanism of resistance. We evaluated the current status of susceptibility to organophosphates and enzymatic and target site resistance mechanisms in Ae. aegypti populations in the municipalities of Ayapel and Planeta Rica. Susceptibility bioassays were performed at diagnostic doses for temephos following the methodology of the World Health Organization (WHO); malathion, fenitrothion and pirimiphos methyl following the methodology of the Center for Disease Control and Prevention (CDC). In Ae. aegypti populations where resistance was recorded, the intensity of resistance was determined. A search for mutations in the Ace-1 gene was carried out and finally, the levels of glutathione S-Transferases, α-esterase, β-esterase, mixed function oxidases and insensitive acetylcholinesterase were identified. Susceptibility to temephos, malathion and pirimiphos methyl; low and high intensity of resistance to fenitrothion was found for the Ayapel and Planeta Rica populations, respectively. This resistance was found to be related to enzymatic alteration, for α-esterase, β-esterase, GST and iAChE. In addition, a synonymous mutation (C108T) was identified, which is not related to organophosphate resistance. The information obtained is useful for the strengthening of public policies in vector control, thus recommending the use of the organophosphates temephos, malathion and pirimiphosmethyl as a strategy for the prevention of future epidemics of Dengue, Zika and Chikungunya in Ayapel and Planeta Rica.
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Palabras clave
Culicidae, Aedes aegypti, Organofosforados, Mecanismos de resistencia
