Efectos del entrenamiento pliométrico sobre la fuerza potencia de miembros inferiores de las jugadoras de voleibol de dos clubes deportivos de la ciudad de Barranquilla
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Fecha
2025
Autores
Peña Ortega, Marcela
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Ediciones Universidad Simón Bolívar
Facultad Ciencias de la Salud
Facultad Ciencias de la Salud
Resumen
El entrenamiento pliométrico se ha consolidado como una estrategia fundamental para el desarrollo de la fuerza explosiva y la potencia en disciplinas deportivas que requieren saltos repetitivos y de alta intensidad, como el voleibol. Estas capacidades son determinantes para la ejecución de acciones técnicas específicas, entre ellas el remate y el bloqueo, que condicionan directamente el rendimiento competitivo. A pesar de que la literatura internacional ha documentado ampliamente los beneficios de la pliometría en la mejora del rendimiento físico, en contextos locales como Barranquilla aún se carece de estudios que evalúen de manera sistemática su impacto en jugadoras de voleibol, lo que genera un vacío de conocimiento y limita la aplicación de programas de entrenamiento basados en evidencia científica adaptada a la realidad regional. Con el objetivo de determinar el efecto de un programa de entrenamiento pliométrico sobre la fuerza-potencia de miembros inferiores en comparación con un entrenamiento convencional, se diseñó un estudio cuasi experimental con evaluación pre y post intervención en dos grupos: experimental (pliométrico) y control (convencional). La muestra estuvo conformada por 38 jugadoras de voleibol pertenecientes a dos clubes deportivos de Barranquilla, seleccionadas por conveniencia,el programa pliométrico tuvo una duración de ocho semanas, con un total de 16 sesiones, en las que se aplicaron ejercicios progresivos utilizando vallas como principal implemento, garantizando un incremento gradual de la carga y la complejidad de los movimientos. Las mediciones se realizaron mediante el protocolo de salto contramovimiento (CMJ) en el laboratorio BTS Sport Lab, que permitió registrar variables como altura del salto, potencia pico total, potencia concéntrica y fuerza pico concéntrica. Adicionalmente, se evaluó la resistencia abdominal y cardiorrespiratoria como indicadores complementarios de la condición física. El análisis estadístico se efectuó con el software SPSS versión 24.0, empleando pruebas t de Student para muestras relacionadas y la prueba no paramétrica U de Mann-Whitney, estableciendo un nivel de significancia de p < 0,05. Los resultados evidenciaron que el grupo experimental presentó mejoras significativas frente al grupo control en la altura del salto (31,22 ± 5,02 cm), la potencia pico total (2,01 ± 0,36 Kw) y la potencia concéntrica (1,09 ± 0,22 Kw). Estos hallazgos confirman que la aplicación sistemática de un programa pliométrico genera adaptaciones neuromusculares que se traducen en un incremento de la capacidad de salto y de la producción de potencia en acciones explosivas. Por el contrario, no se encontraron diferencias significativas en la fuerza pico concéntrica ni en la resistencia abdominal y cardiorrespiratoria, lo que sugiere que la pliometría, aunque altamente efectiva para mejorar la potencia y la altura del salto, no impacta de manera directa en otras dimensiones de la fuerza ni en la resistencia general. En conclusión, el entrenamiento pliométrico aplicado durante ocho semanas demostró ser una estrategia eficaz para mejorar la altura del salto, la potencia pico total y la potencia concéntrica en jugadoras de voleibol de Barranquilla, mostrando ventajas claras frente a un entrenamiento convencional. Estos resultados respaldan la inclusión de programas pliométricos en la preparación física de voleibolistas, ya que contribuyen a optimizar el rendimiento deportivo en acciones críticas del juego. Asimismo, aportan evidencia local que fortalece la práctica profesional de la fisioterapia y las ciencias del deporte, promoviendo la implementación de metodologías de entrenamiento basadas en evidencia científica y adaptadas a las necesidades específicas de los atletas de la región.
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Plyometric training has become established as a fundamental strategy for developing explosive strength and power in sports that require repetitive, high- intensity jumps, such as volleyball. These abilities are crucial for performing specific technical actions, including spiking and blocking, which directly impact competitive performance. Although international literature has extensively documented the benefits of plyometrics in improving physical performance, in local contexts like Barranquilla, there is still a lack of studies that systematically evaluate its impact on female volleyball players. This creates a knowledge gap and limits the application of evidence-based training programs adapted to the regional context. To determine the effect of a plyometric training program on lower limb strength and power compared to conventional training, a quasi-experimental study was designed with pre- and post-intervention assessments in two groups: experimental (plyometric) and control (conventional). The sample consisted of 38 female volleyball players from two sports clubs in Barranquilla, selected by convenience sampling. The plyometric program lasted eight weeks, with a total of 16 sessions. Progressive exercises were implemented using hurdles as the primary equipment, ensuring a gradual increase in load and movement complexity. Measurements were taken using the countermovement jump (CMJ) protocol at the BTS Sport Lab, which allowed for the recording of variables such as jump height, peak total power, concentric power, and peak concentric force. Additionally, abdominal and cardiorespiratory endurance were assessed as complementary indicators of physical fitness. Statistical analysis was performed using SPSS version 24.0 software, employing paired-samples t-tests and the non-parametric Mann- Whitney U test, with a significance level of p < 0.05. The results showed that the experimental group exhibited significant improvements compared to the control group in jump height (31.22 ± 5.02 cm), peak total power (2.01 ± 0.36 kW), and concentric power (1.09 ± 0.22 kW). These findings confirm that the systematic application of a plyometric program generates neuromuscular adaptations that translate into an increase in jumping ability and power output during explosive actions. Conversely, no significant differences were found in peak concentric strength or abdominal and cardiorespiratory endurance, suggesting that plyometrics, while highly effective for improving power and jump height, does not directly impact other dimensions of strength or overall endurance. In conclusion, plyometric training applied over eight weeks proved to be an effective strategy for improving jump height, peak total power, and concentric power in volleyball players from Barranquilla, showing clear advantages over conventional training. These results support the inclusion of plyometric programs in the physical training of volleyball players, as they contribute to optimizing athletic performance in critical game actions. They also provide local evidence that strengthens the professional practice of physiotherapy and sports science, promoting the implementation of training methodologies based on scientific evidence and adapted to the specific needs of athletes in the region.
Plyometric training has become established as a fundamental strategy for developing explosive strength and power in sports that require repetitive, high- intensity jumps, such as volleyball. These abilities are crucial for performing specific technical actions, including spiking and blocking, which directly impact competitive performance. Although international literature has extensively documented the benefits of plyometrics in improving physical performance, in local contexts like Barranquilla, there is still a lack of studies that systematically evaluate its impact on female volleyball players. This creates a knowledge gap and limits the application of evidence-based training programs adapted to the regional context. To determine the effect of a plyometric training program on lower limb strength and power compared to conventional training, a quasi-experimental study was designed with pre- and post-intervention assessments in two groups: experimental (plyometric) and control (conventional). The sample consisted of 38 female volleyball players from two sports clubs in Barranquilla, selected by convenience sampling. The plyometric program lasted eight weeks, with a total of 16 sessions. Progressive exercises were implemented using hurdles as the primary equipment, ensuring a gradual increase in load and movement complexity. Measurements were taken using the countermovement jump (CMJ) protocol at the BTS Sport Lab, which allowed for the recording of variables such as jump height, peak total power, concentric power, and peak concentric force. Additionally, abdominal and cardiorespiratory endurance were assessed as complementary indicators of physical fitness. Statistical analysis was performed using SPSS version 24.0 software, employing paired-samples t-tests and the non-parametric Mann- Whitney U test, with a significance level of p < 0.05. The results showed that the experimental group exhibited significant improvements compared to the control group in jump height (31.22 ± 5.02 cm), peak total power (2.01 ± 0.36 kW), and concentric power (1.09 ± 0.22 kW). These findings confirm that the systematic application of a plyometric program generates neuromuscular adaptations that translate into an increase in jumping ability and power output during explosive actions. Conversely, no significant differences were found in peak concentric strength or abdominal and cardiorespiratory endurance, suggesting that plyometrics, while highly effective for improving power and jump height, does not directly impact other dimensions of strength or overall endurance. In conclusion, plyometric training applied over eight weeks proved to be an effective strategy for improving jump height, peak total power, and concentric power in volleyball players from Barranquilla, showing clear advantages over conventional training. These results support the inclusion of plyometric programs in the physical training of volleyball players, as they contribute to optimizing athletic performance in critical game actions. They also provide local evidence that strengthens the professional practice of physiotherapy and sports science, promoting the implementation of training methodologies based on scientific evidence and adapted to the specific needs of athletes in the region.
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Palabras clave
Salto vertical, Pliometría,, Ejercicio, Voleibol