Salud mental y factores asociados en una muestra de adolescentes embarazadas del suroccidente de Barranquilla
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Fecha
2025
Autores
Hernández Pérez, Jeimy
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Ediciones Universidad Simón Bolívar
Facultad de Ciencias Jurídicas y Sociales
Facultad de Ciencias Jurídicas y Sociales
Resumen
El embarazo en la adolescencia es un fenómeno complejo y multifactorial, con importantes implicaciones para la salud física y mental de las adolescentes, así como para el bienestar social y económico. Este estudio tuvo como objetivo evaluar la salud mental y los factores asociados a un grupo de adolescentes embarazadas en el suroccidente de Barranquilla. La muestra estuvo conformada por 53 adolescentes, con una edad media de 15.96 años (DE = 1.22), y una media de 3.92 meses de gestación (DE = 1.97). Se utilizaron la escala de depresión de Edimburgo, la escala de riesgo suicida, la escala de funcionamiento familiar, y cuestionarios sobre coerción reproductiva, victimización por violencia física y sexual, entre otros aspectos sociodemográficos y sobre el embarazo. En cuanto a los resultados, la edad promedio de inicio de la vida sexual fue de 14.7 años (DE = 1.29). La mayoría de las adolescentes (64%) experimentaron un embarazo no planificado pero aceptado. Respecto a la relación con el padre, el 71% indicó que él asumió la responsabilidad del embarazo y mantienen una relación sentimental con la adolescente. En cuanto a educación sexual, el 72% de las participantes recibieron educación en el colegio, mientras que el 58.5% la recibieron en el hogar. A pesar de que el 39% de las adolescentes reportaron conocer al menos cuatro métodos anticonceptivos, el 40% no los utilizaba, el principal justificante para no usarlos fue el deseo de ser madre, seguido por los efectos secundarios y la falta de deseo de usar anticonceptivos. En relación con la salud mental, se observó que el 34% de las adolescentes presentaban sospecha de depresión durante el embarazo, y un 75.5% reportó riesgo suicida, incluyendo ideación e intencionalidad suicida. El 20.8% experimentó coerción reproductiva en algún momento de su vida, y el 9.4% reportó victimización por violencia física y sexual por parte de su pareja. En términos de funcionamiento familiar, el 71.7% de las participantes indicaron tener un buen
funcionamiento familiar. Se encontró que la depresión durante el embarazo estuvo fuertemente relacionada con el riesgo suicida (r = 0.77, p < 0.01) y la ideación suicida (r = 0.50, p < 0.01). Además, se encontró que una mayor educación sexual se asociaba con menores niveles de depresión durante el embarazo (r = -0.32, p < 0.05). Asimismo, la victimización por violencia física y sexual mostró correlaciones negativas con el funcionamiento familiar (r = -0.32, p < 0.01) y la vinculación familiar (r = -0.29, p < 0.05), lo que resalta los efectos negativos de la violencia en las dinámicas familiares. En conclusión, este estudio resalta la importancia de abordar la salud mental, la educación sexual y el apoyo social para mejorar el bienestar de las adolescentes embarazadas. La intervención temprana en estos aspectos puede reducir los riesgos de depresión, suicidio y violencia, promoviendo un ambiente de apoyo familiar que favorezca la salud física y emocional de las adolescentes durante el embarazo.
Teenage pregnancy is a complex and multifactorial phenomenon with significant implications for the physical and mental health of adolescents, as well as for social and economic well-being. The aim of this study was to assess mental health and associated factors in a group of pregnant adolescents from the southwestern part of Barranquilla. The sample consisted of 53 adolescents, with a mean age of 15.96 years (SD = 1.22), and a mean gestational age of 3.92 months (SD = 1.97). The Edinburgh Depression Scale, the Suicidal Risk Scale, the Family Functioning Scale, and questionnaires on reproductive coercion, physical and sexual victimization, among other sociodemographic and pregnancy-related aspects, were used. Regarding the results, the average age of sexual initiation was 14.7 years (SD = 1.29). The majority of adolescents (64%) experienced an unplanned but accepted pregnancy. Regarding the relationship with the father, 71% indicated that he took responsibility for the pregnancy and maintains a romantic relationship with the adolescent. In terms of sexual education, 72% of participants received education in school, while 58.5% received it at home. Despite 39% of adolescents reporting knowledge of at least four contraceptive methods, 40% did not use them. The main reasons for not using contraceptives were the desire to become a mother, followed by side effects and a lack of desire to use contraception. In relation to mental health, 34% of the adolescents were suspected of having depression during pregnancy, and 75.5% reported suicidal risk, including suicidal ideation and intent. Additionally, 20.8% experienced reproductive coercion at some point in their lives, and 9.4% reported victimization by physical and sexual violence from their partner. In terms of family functioning, 71.7% of participants reported good family functioning. It was found that depression during pregnancy was strongly related to suicidal risk (r = 0.77, p < 0.01) and suicidal ideation (r = 0.50, p < 0.01). Furthermore, it was found that higher levels of sexual education were associated with lower levels of depression during pregnancy (r = -0.32, p < 0.05). Victimization by physical and sexual violence showed negative correlations with family functioning (r = -0.32, p < 0.01) and family bonding (r = -0.29, p < 0.05), highlighting the negative effects of violence on family dynamics. In conclusion, this study highlights the importance of addressing mental health, sexual education, and social support to improve the well-being of pregnant adolescents. Early intervention in these areas can reduce the risks of depression, suicide, and violence, promoting a supportive family environment that favors the physical and emotional health of adolescents during pregnancy
Teenage pregnancy is a complex and multifactorial phenomenon with significant implications for the physical and mental health of adolescents, as well as for social and economic well-being. The aim of this study was to assess mental health and associated factors in a group of pregnant adolescents from the southwestern part of Barranquilla. The sample consisted of 53 adolescents, with a mean age of 15.96 years (SD = 1.22), and a mean gestational age of 3.92 months (SD = 1.97). The Edinburgh Depression Scale, the Suicidal Risk Scale, the Family Functioning Scale, and questionnaires on reproductive coercion, physical and sexual victimization, among other sociodemographic and pregnancy-related aspects, were used. Regarding the results, the average age of sexual initiation was 14.7 years (SD = 1.29). The majority of adolescents (64%) experienced an unplanned but accepted pregnancy. Regarding the relationship with the father, 71% indicated that he took responsibility for the pregnancy and maintains a romantic relationship with the adolescent. In terms of sexual education, 72% of participants received education in school, while 58.5% received it at home. Despite 39% of adolescents reporting knowledge of at least four contraceptive methods, 40% did not use them. The main reasons for not using contraceptives were the desire to become a mother, followed by side effects and a lack of desire to use contraception. In relation to mental health, 34% of the adolescents were suspected of having depression during pregnancy, and 75.5% reported suicidal risk, including suicidal ideation and intent. Additionally, 20.8% experienced reproductive coercion at some point in their lives, and 9.4% reported victimization by physical and sexual violence from their partner. In terms of family functioning, 71.7% of participants reported good family functioning. It was found that depression during pregnancy was strongly related to suicidal risk (r = 0.77, p < 0.01) and suicidal ideation (r = 0.50, p < 0.01). Furthermore, it was found that higher levels of sexual education were associated with lower levels of depression during pregnancy (r = -0.32, p < 0.05). Victimization by physical and sexual violence showed negative correlations with family functioning (r = -0.32, p < 0.01) and family bonding (r = -0.29, p < 0.05), highlighting the negative effects of violence on family dynamics. In conclusion, this study highlights the importance of addressing mental health, sexual education, and social support to improve the well-being of pregnant adolescents. Early intervention in these areas can reduce the risks of depression, suicide, and violence, promoting a supportive family environment that favors the physical and emotional health of adolescents during pregnancy
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Palabras clave
Embarazo adolescente, Salud mental, Depresión, Riesgo suicida, Funcionamiento familiar
