Percepciones y concepciones ciudadanas respecto al proceso electoral de la última elección presidenciales 2018 a 2022 en Colombia
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Fecha
2023
Autores
Dominguez Mantilla, Juan Sebastian
Devia Perez, Niria Yasid
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Editor
Ediciones Universidad Simón Bolívar
Facultad de Administración y Negocios
Facultad de Administración y Negocios
Resumen
Antecedentes:
El surgimiento de una nueva era en la política colombiana, es precedida de la apertura democrática y el nacimiento de una Constitución, yacieron innovadoras herramientas para garantizar la participación ciudadana, las cuales han tenido sus orígenes en la época conocida en Colombia como La Patria Boba, que se comprendió de 1810 a 1816, donde empezaron a forjarse las instituciones liberales clásicas las cuales se fueron consolidando después de la independencia en la Carta de Angostura de 1819, funcionando para entonces una democracia del sufragio indirecto donde hubo baja participación de la ciudadanía, ya posteriormente de consumado el proceso de independencia, y llegándose a organizar mejor con la constitución de 1853, surgieron cambios que concibieron impactos positivos en la sociedad, como el voto popular manera directa y secreta, y las mujeres adquirieron el derecho a votar dese el 25 de agosto de 1954, pero siempre existiendo un fenómeno polarizador que inclina la intensión de voto.
Objetivos:
Establecer si las percepciones ciudadanas al momento de decidir en las elecciones presidenciales para el periodo 2018 al 2022, fueron determinadas por los factores de polarización surgidos por las distintas campañas políticas llenas de desinformación y odios políticos.
Determinar si el empleo de noticias falsas sobre los cambios negativos en el sistema político y económico del país, en el desarrollo de las campañas electorales a la presidencia para el periodo 2018 al 2022 afectaron la percepción ciudadana con respecto al voto.
Identificar si la influencia que los líderes de partidos políticos colombianos dentro de sus campañas en favor y en contra de la implementación de los acuerdos de paz, con el objetivo de disminuir la violencia y desigualdad social polarizaron a los votantes durante las elecciones presidenciales para el periodo 2018 al 2022.
Materiales y Métodos:
El trabajo investigativo se basó en el empleo de encuestas y demás documentos publicados por distintas instituciones, organizaciones e investigadores enfocadas en los procesos electorales colombianos, utilizando los método lógico-inductivo y método lógico-deductivo, para alcanzar con los objetivos formulados, encuadrando la investigación con el paradigma metodológico histórico-hermenéutico surgido a través de las distintas fuentes para lograr comprender por qué fenómenos como la abstención electoral, la polarización, la falta de cultura democrática, afectan las percepciones y concepciones ciudadanas dentro de los procesos electorales.
Resultados:
Puede manifestarse el fenómeno más perturbador para cualquier sistema democrático es la polarización, y es bien sabido que este fenómeno no solo afecta a la democracia colombiana, sino que también ha vulnerado a gran parte de los sistemas democráticos latinoamericanos; una de las génesis de esta problemática, en primera medida está que los medios masivos de comunicación bien sean estos escritos, hablados o audiovisuales, tienen un sesgo político, marcado en el contenido que transmiten a la población que los utiliza.
Para ciertos sectores esta polarización es muy necesaria porque permite las diferentes discusiones del ámbito político, pero tampoco es menos cierto que con ella se logra dividir las opiniones de la población hasta el punto de construir grandes fisuras en la sociedad las cuales conducen a la violencia y a menoscabar la democracia, esta polarización ha ido en aumento, sin beneficios y por el contrario debilita y puede llegar a destruir la democracia.
Es tanta la trascendencia del fenómeno polarizador, que las altas cortes colombianas, se han pronunciarse al respecto, por cuanto estas tensiones políticas nacidas en este entorno de violencia e inacción institucional, han vulnerado a las clases menos favorecidas, catapultando el caudillismo y la deslealtad en el medio político, incidiendo ampliamente no solo en las decisiones del electorado sino también en la seguridad de los candidatos, líderes sociales y todo aquel que haga parte del debate electoral, haciendo esto mucho más complejo el deseo de logar una conciliación entre las diferentes fuerzas vivas del país
Al no existir una férrea creencia de los ciudadanos por los partidos políticos, esto hace que surja el apoyo a liderazgos de índole personal, que se traduce en golpes certeros a la institucionalidad democrática, generando caudillismos que propician el alejamiento de una verdadera democracia
Es de anotar que los resultados dentro del plebiscito por la paz y la implementación de los acuerdos de la Habana, fueron influenciados por la difusión masiva en los medios de comunicación y por las dos más fuertes candidaturas quienes incendiaron las redes sociales, sobre una y otra postura bien fuese a favor y en contra, dentro de las cuales se lanzaron afirmaciones irresponsables, que afectaron ostensiblemente este proceso democrático en las elecciones del periodo 2018 al 2022; estas campañas desinformativas hacia la implementación o no de dichos acuerdos, se veían reflejadas en las encuestas realizadas, y reforzadas por la constante polarización al respecto, que influenció tajantemente en los resultados electorales
Conclusiones:
La influencia de los líderes de los principales partidos políticos en contienda, sí lograron movilizar a la población en torno a sus preferencias políticas, basados en discursos de desinformación, a favor y en contra del ejercicio democrático del plebiscito, como en la implementación de los acuerdos de paz, se puso en evidencia las llamadas ¨fake news¨, que se caracterizan por su facilidad de desarrollarse, contagiando a la población, en cuanto a un posible cambio del sistema político económico que llevaría al país a experimentar consecuencias desfavorables en la economía y su vida socio política y no en un eventual apaciguamiento de la violencia y mejoramiento de la igualdad social.
En esa lucha por alcanzar el poder, en esa competencia electoral, se observó que no importan las estrategias, sean estas correctas, ajustadas democráticamente, o basadas en el odio y el miedo, lo que buscaban es hacer que las masas electorales cayeran en el limbo de desinformación, disparando la polarización y conduciendo a que se votara de manera emocional, afectando las percepciones y concepciones ciudadanas en el proceso democrático para las elecciones del periodo 2018 al 2022
Background: The emergence of a new era in Colombian politics, is preceded by the democratic opening and the birth of a Constitution, lay innovative tools to ensure citizen participation, which have had their origins in the era known in Colombia as La Patria Boba, which was understood from 1810 to 1816, where the classic liberal institutions began to be forged, which were consolidated after independence in the Charter of Angostura of 1819, operating by then a democracy of indirect suffrage where there was low participation of the citizenry, since After the independence process was consummated, and becoming better organized with the 1853 constitution, changes arose that had positive impacts on society, such as direct and secret popular vote, and women acquired the right to vote from the 25th of August 1954, but there is always a polarizing phenomenon that inclines the intention to vote either. Objective: To establish whether citizen perceptions when deciding on the presidential elections for the period 2018 to 2022, were determined by the polarization factors that arose from the different political campaigns full of misinformation and political hatred. To determine if the use of false news about the negative changes in the political and economic system of the country, in the development of the electoral campaigns for the presidency for the period 2018 to 2022, affected the citizen perception regarding the vote. To identify whether the influence of the leaders of Colombian political parties in their campaigns for and against the implementation of the peace agreements, with the aim of reducing violence and social inequality, polarized voters during the presidential elections for the period 2018 to 2022. Materials and Methods: The investigative work was based on the use of surveys and other documents published by different institutions, organizations and researchers focused on the Colombian electoral processes, using the logical-inductive method and logical-deductive method, to achieve the formulated objectives, framing the investigation. with the historical-hermeneutic methodological paradigm that emerged through different sources, in order to understand why phenomena such as electoral abstention, polarization, lack of democratic culture, affect citizen perceptions and conceptions within electoral processes. Results: The most disturbing phenomenon for any democratic system can manifest itself is polarization, and it is well known that this phenomenon not only affects Colombian democracy, but has also violated a large part of Latin American democratic systems; One of the genesis of this problem, in the first place, is that the mass media, whether written, spoken or audiovisual, have a political bias, marked in the content they transmit to the population that uses them. For certain sectors, this polarization is very necessary because it allows different discussions in the political sphere, but it is also true that with it is possible to divide the opinions of the population to the point of building great fissures in society which lead to violence and undermine democracy, this polarization has been increasing, without benefits and on the contrary weakens and can even destroy democracy. The importance of the polarizing phenomenon is so great that the Colombian high courts have ruled on it, since these political tensions born in this environment of violence and institutional inaction have violated the less favored classes, catapulting caudillismo and disloyalty in the political environment, broadly influencing not only the decisions of the electorate but also the security of the candidates, social leaders and anyone who is part of the electoral debate, making this much more complex the desire to achieve a reconciliation between the different active forces from the country In the absence of a strong belief of the citizens by the political parties, this gives rise to support for leaderships of a personal nature, which translates into accurate blows to democratic institutions, generating caudillismo that promote the distance from a true democracy It should be noted that the results within the plebiscite for peace and the implementation of the Havana agreements, were influenced by the massive dissemination in the media and by the two strongest candidacies who set fire to social networks, on one and the other. position either in favor or against, within which irresponsible statements were made, which ostensibly affected this democratic process in the elections from 2018 to 2022; These disinformation campaigns towards the implementation or not of said agreements were reflected in the surveys carried out, and reinforced by the constant polarization in this regard, which strongly influenced the electoral results. Conclusions: The influence of the leaders of the main political parties in contention did manage to mobilize the population around their political preferences, based on disinformation discourses, for and against the democratic exercise of the plebiscite, as well as in the implementation of the agreements. of peace, the so-called ¨fake news¨ was revealed, which are characterized by their ease of development, infecting the population, in terms of a possible change in the economic political system that would lead the country to experience unfavorable consequences in the economy and their socio-political life and not in an eventual appeasement of violence and improvement of social equality. In that struggle to achieve power, in that electoral competition, it was observed that the strategies did not matter, whether they were correct, democratically adjusted, or based on hate and fear, what they sought was to make the electoral masses fall into limbo. of disinformation, triggering polarization and leading to emotional voting, affecting citizen perceptions and conceptions in the democratic process for the 2018 to 2022 elections
Background: The emergence of a new era in Colombian politics, is preceded by the democratic opening and the birth of a Constitution, lay innovative tools to ensure citizen participation, which have had their origins in the era known in Colombia as La Patria Boba, which was understood from 1810 to 1816, where the classic liberal institutions began to be forged, which were consolidated after independence in the Charter of Angostura of 1819, operating by then a democracy of indirect suffrage where there was low participation of the citizenry, since After the independence process was consummated, and becoming better organized with the 1853 constitution, changes arose that had positive impacts on society, such as direct and secret popular vote, and women acquired the right to vote from the 25th of August 1954, but there is always a polarizing phenomenon that inclines the intention to vote either. Objective: To establish whether citizen perceptions when deciding on the presidential elections for the period 2018 to 2022, were determined by the polarization factors that arose from the different political campaigns full of misinformation and political hatred. To determine if the use of false news about the negative changes in the political and economic system of the country, in the development of the electoral campaigns for the presidency for the period 2018 to 2022, affected the citizen perception regarding the vote. To identify whether the influence of the leaders of Colombian political parties in their campaigns for and against the implementation of the peace agreements, with the aim of reducing violence and social inequality, polarized voters during the presidential elections for the period 2018 to 2022. Materials and Methods: The investigative work was based on the use of surveys and other documents published by different institutions, organizations and researchers focused on the Colombian electoral processes, using the logical-inductive method and logical-deductive method, to achieve the formulated objectives, framing the investigation. with the historical-hermeneutic methodological paradigm that emerged through different sources, in order to understand why phenomena such as electoral abstention, polarization, lack of democratic culture, affect citizen perceptions and conceptions within electoral processes. Results: The most disturbing phenomenon for any democratic system can manifest itself is polarization, and it is well known that this phenomenon not only affects Colombian democracy, but has also violated a large part of Latin American democratic systems; One of the genesis of this problem, in the first place, is that the mass media, whether written, spoken or audiovisual, have a political bias, marked in the content they transmit to the population that uses them. For certain sectors, this polarization is very necessary because it allows different discussions in the political sphere, but it is also true that with it is possible to divide the opinions of the population to the point of building great fissures in society which lead to violence and undermine democracy, this polarization has been increasing, without benefits and on the contrary weakens and can even destroy democracy. The importance of the polarizing phenomenon is so great that the Colombian high courts have ruled on it, since these political tensions born in this environment of violence and institutional inaction have violated the less favored classes, catapulting caudillismo and disloyalty in the political environment, broadly influencing not only the decisions of the electorate but also the security of the candidates, social leaders and anyone who is part of the electoral debate, making this much more complex the desire to achieve a reconciliation between the different active forces from the country In the absence of a strong belief of the citizens by the political parties, this gives rise to support for leaderships of a personal nature, which translates into accurate blows to democratic institutions, generating caudillismo that promote the distance from a true democracy It should be noted that the results within the plebiscite for peace and the implementation of the Havana agreements, were influenced by the massive dissemination in the media and by the two strongest candidacies who set fire to social networks, on one and the other. position either in favor or against, within which irresponsible statements were made, which ostensibly affected this democratic process in the elections from 2018 to 2022; These disinformation campaigns towards the implementation or not of said agreements were reflected in the surveys carried out, and reinforced by the constant polarization in this regard, which strongly influenced the electoral results. Conclusions: The influence of the leaders of the main political parties in contention did manage to mobilize the population around their political preferences, based on disinformation discourses, for and against the democratic exercise of the plebiscite, as well as in the implementation of the agreements. of peace, the so-called ¨fake news¨ was revealed, which are characterized by their ease of development, infecting the population, in terms of a possible change in the economic political system that would lead the country to experience unfavorable consequences in the economy and their socio-political life and not in an eventual appeasement of violence and improvement of social equality. In that struggle to achieve power, in that electoral competition, it was observed that the strategies did not matter, whether they were correct, democratically adjusted, or based on hate and fear, what they sought was to make the electoral masses fall into limbo. of disinformation, triggering polarization and leading to emotional voting, affecting citizen perceptions and conceptions in the democratic process for the 2018 to 2022 elections
Descripción
Palabras clave
Democracia, Percepciones ciudadanas, Proceso electoral, Resultados electorales, Citizen perceptions, Democracy, Electoral process, Electoral results
