Experiencia de las víctimas del caribe colombiano en el proceso de reparación colectiva y contribuciones a la construcción de paz territorial
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Fecha
2024
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Ediciones Universidda Simón Bolívar
Facultad de Ciencias Jurídicas y Sociales
Facultad de Ciencias Jurídicas y Sociales
Resumen
El presente estudio se realizó con el propósito de analizar la experiencia de las víctimas colectivas de la
Región Caribe colombiana en el proceso de reparación colectiva (PRC), particularmente en la valoración de
éste como mecanismo para la reconstrucción de la paz en sus territorios. Para ello partió de una reflexión sobre
la epistemología del Gran Caribe que condujo a la fenomenología-hermenéutica como enfoque para
comprender a profundidad la experiencia de los sujetos de reparación colectiva (SRC) en el proceso, analizar la
manera como los individuos que los conforman asimilaron, sintieron, se relacionaron y sobre todo como
percibieron las contribuciones del PRC a la paz, a la restitución moral y material de sus condiciones. En la
práctica, el método condujo a un recorrido por seis SRC ubicados en los departamentos de Córdoba, Bolívar,
Magdalena y Atlántico, aplicando una entrevista a profundidad a líderes sociales que luego fueron procesadas
mediante el análisis de contenido centrado en el significado usando el software NVIVO®; con esto se
estableció una clasificación de las expresiones de las víctimas en torno a las categorías de análisis, identificando
además categorías emergentes transversalizadas por consideraciones interculturales propias del territorio.
Los resultados del estudio sugieren una superposición de los PRC y las acciones de reparación individual
que, debido a las dificultades encontradas y al bajo nivel de sensibilización, capacitación y acompañamiento
señalado por las víctimas, mellaron en la credibilidad sobre proceso. De igual forma, se encontró que los planes
de reparación colectiva o PIRC son poco sensibles al territorio, mostrando bajo nivel de articulación
intersectorial y con otros instrumentos de política social. Desde la postura de las víctimas, aceptar las medidas
de reparación no es sinónimo de estar conforme con éstas y se encuentra una baja ponderación del papel del
Estado en el direccionamiento del PRC, con múltiples oportunidades de mejora para las instituciones
vinculadas. Los hallazgos sugieren que la relevancia práctica del enfoque género-diverso en la construcción de
los PIRC, la baja integración de las iniciativas propias o locales en los planes y la no atención a las necesidades
específicas de las comunidades, inciden en la pertinencia, efectividad y satisfacción de las víctimas. No se
encontró evidencia que sugiera, para el contexto del Caribe colombiano, la existencia de una relación positiva
entre el PRC y la paz territorial, desde el estado actual de las cosas, pero se identificaron categorías como la ‘cultura local’ y las ‘iniciativas propias’ como mediadoras en la efectividad de los PIRC.
The purpose of this research is analyzing the experience of the collective victims at the Colombian Caribbean Region in the collective reparation process (CRP), particularly in the assessment of this as a mechanism for the reconstruction of peace in their territories. To do this, it started from a reflection on the Greater Caribbean epistemology that led to phenomenology-hermeneutics as an approach to deeply understand the experience of the subjects of collective reparation (SCR) in the process, analyze the way in which the individuals who make them up assimilated, felt, related and above all how they perceived the contributions of the CRP to peace, to the moral and material restitution of their conditions. In practice, the method led to visit of six SCR located in the departments of Córdoba, Bolívar, Magdalena and Atlántico, applying an in-depth interview to social leaders which were then processed through content analysis focused on meaning using the software NVIVO®; With this, a classification of the victims' expressions was established around the categories of analysis, also identifying emerging categories transversalized by intercultural considerations specific to the territory. The results of the study suggest an overlap of the CRP and individual reparation actions that, due to the difficulties encountered and the low level of awareness, training and support indicated by the victims, undermined the credibility of the process. Likewise, it was found that the collective reparation plans or CIRP are not very sensitive to the territory, showing a low level of intersectoral articulation and not with other social policy instruments. From the position of the victims, accepting the reparation measures is not synonymous with agree them and there is a not well weighted perception about the directing CRP role of the State, with multiple opportunities for improvement for the related institutions. The findings suggest that the practical relevance of the gender-diverse approach in the construction of CIRP, the low integration of own or local initiatives in the plans and the lack of attention to the specific needs of the communities, affect the relevance, effectiveness, and victim satisfaction. No evidence was found that suggest, for the context of the Colombian Caribbean, the existence of a positive relationship between the CRP and territorial peace, from the current state of things, but categories such as 'local culture' and 'own initiatives' were identified as mediators in the effectiveness of the CIRP.
The purpose of this research is analyzing the experience of the collective victims at the Colombian Caribbean Region in the collective reparation process (CRP), particularly in the assessment of this as a mechanism for the reconstruction of peace in their territories. To do this, it started from a reflection on the Greater Caribbean epistemology that led to phenomenology-hermeneutics as an approach to deeply understand the experience of the subjects of collective reparation (SCR) in the process, analyze the way in which the individuals who make them up assimilated, felt, related and above all how they perceived the contributions of the CRP to peace, to the moral and material restitution of their conditions. In practice, the method led to visit of six SCR located in the departments of Córdoba, Bolívar, Magdalena and Atlántico, applying an in-depth interview to social leaders which were then processed through content analysis focused on meaning using the software NVIVO®; With this, a classification of the victims' expressions was established around the categories of analysis, also identifying emerging categories transversalized by intercultural considerations specific to the territory. The results of the study suggest an overlap of the CRP and individual reparation actions that, due to the difficulties encountered and the low level of awareness, training and support indicated by the victims, undermined the credibility of the process. Likewise, it was found that the collective reparation plans or CIRP are not very sensitive to the territory, showing a low level of intersectoral articulation and not with other social policy instruments. From the position of the victims, accepting the reparation measures is not synonymous with agree them and there is a not well weighted perception about the directing CRP role of the State, with multiple opportunities for improvement for the related institutions. The findings suggest that the practical relevance of the gender-diverse approach in the construction of CIRP, the low integration of own or local initiatives in the plans and the lack of attention to the specific needs of the communities, affect the relevance, effectiveness, and victim satisfaction. No evidence was found that suggest, for the context of the Colombian Caribbean, the existence of a positive relationship between the CRP and territorial peace, from the current state of things, but categories such as 'local culture' and 'own initiatives' were identified as mediators in the effectiveness of the CIRP.
Descripción
Palabras clave
Víctima, Reparación, Reparación-colectiva, Derechos humanos, Paz, Victim, Reparation, Collective, Human rights, Peace