Revisión sistemática: salud y educación sexual en Latinoamérica
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Fecha
2022
Autores
Leiva Ortiz, Michel Eduardo
Medina Caballero, Genesis Sarai
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Editor
Ediciones Universidad Simón Bolívar
Facultad de Ciencias Jurídicas y Sociales
Facultad de Ciencias Jurídicas y Sociales
Resumen
La presente revisión sistemática planteó como pregunta de investigación ¿Cuáles son las prácticas sexuales, conductas de riesgo y autocuidado en SASER más frecuentes en los adolescentes escolarizados?, la cual se estableció a través de la metodología PICO, sirviendo como guía para identificar las preguntas tanto macro como micro que orientan la revisión sistemática. Con el fin de resolver esta pregunta, la revisión se realizó a través del método PRISMA cumpliendo con la fase identificación dónde se describieron los criterios de inclusión y exclusión, los descriptores DESC y MESH en conjunto con las ecuaciones de búsqueda y la estrategia de búsqueda, la cual se realizó de forma sistemática en revistas científicas en inglés, español y portugues del año 2012 a 2022, en las siguientes bases de datos: Scopus, Redalyc, Pubmed, Proquest, Springerlink, BASE, EBSCO host, LatinDex, Science Direct y Dialnet, dando como resultado un total de 21116 artículos; así mismo se cumplió con la fase de selección y eliminación dónde se realizó una revisión de los títulos y resúmenes que permitió obtener los artículos más acordes con las variables de investigación, tomando en cuenta el cumplimiento con los filtros establecidos en los criterios de inclusión y exclusión; finalmente se cumplió con la fase de inclusión en la cual a partir de la muestra obtenida en la fase anterior se procedió a realizar una lectura a profundidad de los artículos, para así verificar nuevamente que cumplieran con los criterios
anteriormente dichos y obteniendo los aportes más relevantes de un total de 15 artículos incluidos.
Dentro de los resultados más relevantes de la revisión se encuentran que los adolescentes latinoamericanos comienzan su vida sexual a edades muy tempranas, bajo el desconocimiento, la presión social y prácticas poco saludables conociéndose dentro de estas el consumo de sustancias psicoactivas, las relaciones sexuales sin preservativos, relaciones sexuales sin planificar, múltiples parejas sexuales o parejas sexuales de alto riesgo; trayendo así altas tasas de embarazos no deseados, enfermedades de transmisión sexual, abusos sexuales y daños a nivel psicológico en los adolescentes. Además de esto existe una escasa satisfacción frente a la educación sexual impartida en los colegios, siendo caracterizada por ser reduccionista enfocándose únicamente en la prevención de embarazos precoces y enfermedades de transmisión sexual, dejando de lado otros temas importantes que hacen parte de la integralidad de una sexualidad sana.
En base a los resultados obtenidos se puede reconocer la necesidad de incluir dentro de los programas de educación sexual los temas referentes a la identidad, la expresión y la orientación sexual, así como el consentimiento dentro de las relaciones sexuales y el comienzo de las mismas en edades oportunas libres de presión social y violencia. De igual forma, se reconoce la importancia de desarrollar nuevos programas de educación que sean accesibles para todos los adolescentes sin importar su condición, generando espacios seguros dónde los mismos se sientan libres de resolver sus dudas con información verídica y pertinente que les permita manejar su sexualidad de forma sana y ética, incluyendo a su vez a los padres quienes son igualmente responsables de la educación sexual basada en los derechos y deberes de los menores de edad.
This systematic review posed the research question: What are the most frequent sexual practices, risk behaviors and self-care in SASER among adolescents in school, which was established through the PICO methodology, serving as a guide to identify both macro and micro questions that guide the systematic review. In order to resolve this question, the review was conducted through the PRISMA method, complying with the identification phase where the inclusion and exclusion criteria were described, the DESC and MESH descriptors together with the search equations and the search strategy, which was carried out systematically in scientific journals in English, Spanish and Portuguese from 2012 to 2022, in the following databases: Scopus, Redalyc, Pubmed, Proquest, Springerlink, BASE, EBSCO host, LatinDex, Science Direct and Dialnet, resulting in a total of 21116 articles; likewise, the selection and elimination phase was fulfilled where a review of the titles and abstracts was carried out, which allowed obtaining the articles most in line with the research variables, taking into account compliance with the filters established in the inclusion and exclusion criteria; Finally, the inclusion phase was completed, in which, based on the sample obtained in the previous phase, an in-depth reading of the articles was carried out, in order to verify once again that they met the aforementioned criteria and to obtain the most relevant contributions from a total of 15 articles included. Among the most relevant results of the review are that Latin American adolescents begin their sexual life at very early ages, under ignorance, social pressure and unhealthy practices, including the consumption of psychoactive substances, sexual relations without condoms, unplanned sexual relations, multiple sexual partners or high-risk sexual partners; thus bringing high rates of unwanted pregnancies, sexually transmitted diseases, sexual abuse and psychological damage in adolescents. In addition to this, there is little satisfaction with the sex education provided in schools, which is characterized as reductionist, focusing only on the prevention of early pregnancies and sexually transmitted diseases, leaving aside other important issues that are part of a comprehensive and healthy sexuality. Based on the results obtained, it is possible to recognize the need to include in sexual education programs the topics related to sexual identity, expression and orientation, as well as consent in sexual relations and the beginning of sexual relations at opportune ages free of social pressure and violence. Similarly, the importance of developing new educational programs that are accessible to all adolescents regardless of their condition is recognized, generating safe spaces where they feel free to resolve their doubts with truthful and relevant information that allows them to manage their sexuality in a healthy and ethical way, including parents who are also responsible for sex education based on the rights and duties of minors
This systematic review posed the research question: What are the most frequent sexual practices, risk behaviors and self-care in SASER among adolescents in school, which was established through the PICO methodology, serving as a guide to identify both macro and micro questions that guide the systematic review. In order to resolve this question, the review was conducted through the PRISMA method, complying with the identification phase where the inclusion and exclusion criteria were described, the DESC and MESH descriptors together with the search equations and the search strategy, which was carried out systematically in scientific journals in English, Spanish and Portuguese from 2012 to 2022, in the following databases: Scopus, Redalyc, Pubmed, Proquest, Springerlink, BASE, EBSCO host, LatinDex, Science Direct and Dialnet, resulting in a total of 21116 articles; likewise, the selection and elimination phase was fulfilled where a review of the titles and abstracts was carried out, which allowed obtaining the articles most in line with the research variables, taking into account compliance with the filters established in the inclusion and exclusion criteria; Finally, the inclusion phase was completed, in which, based on the sample obtained in the previous phase, an in-depth reading of the articles was carried out, in order to verify once again that they met the aforementioned criteria and to obtain the most relevant contributions from a total of 15 articles included. Among the most relevant results of the review are that Latin American adolescents begin their sexual life at very early ages, under ignorance, social pressure and unhealthy practices, including the consumption of psychoactive substances, sexual relations without condoms, unplanned sexual relations, multiple sexual partners or high-risk sexual partners; thus bringing high rates of unwanted pregnancies, sexually transmitted diseases, sexual abuse and psychological damage in adolescents. In addition to this, there is little satisfaction with the sex education provided in schools, which is characterized as reductionist, focusing only on the prevention of early pregnancies and sexually transmitted diseases, leaving aside other important issues that are part of a comprehensive and healthy sexuality. Based on the results obtained, it is possible to recognize the need to include in sexual education programs the topics related to sexual identity, expression and orientation, as well as consent in sexual relations and the beginning of sexual relations at opportune ages free of social pressure and violence. Similarly, the importance of developing new educational programs that are accessible to all adolescents regardless of their condition is recognized, generating safe spaces where they feel free to resolve their doubts with truthful and relevant information that allows them to manage their sexuality in a healthy and ethical way, including parents who are also responsible for sex education based on the rights and duties of minors
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Palabras clave
Salud sexual, Educación sexual, Prácticas sexuales, Conductas de riesgo, Conductas de autocuidado, Sexual health, Sexual education, Sexual practices, Risk behaviors, Self-care behaviors
