Aproximación a la causal de ausencia de responsabilidad penal en ley 599 del 2000 de la legítima defensa en el tipo penal de homicidio
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Fecha
2021
Autores
Villamizar Ramírez, María Cristina
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Ediciones Universidad Simón Bolívar
Facultad de Ciencias Jurídicas y Sociales
Facultad de Ciencias Jurídicas y Sociales
Resumen
Este trabajo de investigación está basado en el estudio de la causal 6 del artículo 32 Ley 599 de 2000 Causales de Ausencia de Responsabilidad Penal como es la Legítima Defensa específicamente en el delito de homicidio. La Sentencia SP 291 de la Corte Suprema de Justicia, Sala de Casación Penal del 21 de febrero de 2018 fue el punto de partida para reconocer una realidad jurídica como es el inadecuado análisis de los elementos constitutivos de la Legítima Defensa para ser reconocida, llevando consigo consecuencias de gran trascendencia para el individuo como lo es la privación de la libertad.
El objetivo general de la investigación es hallar una Aproximación a la Causal de Ausencia de responsabilidad Penal en Ley 599 del 2000 de la Legítima Defensa en el Tipo Penal de Homicidio, para lo cual se trazaron tres objetivos específicos como son: Conceptuar una aproximación a la causal de ausencia de responsabilidad penal en Ley 599 del 2000; Determinar la legítima defensa en el tipo penal del homicidio en Colombia y por último poder Establecer una aproximación a la causal de ausencia de responsabilidad penal en Ley 599 del 2000 de la legítima defensa en el tipo penal de homicidio.
Al establecer los elementos constitutivos de la Legítima Defensa, se deben analizar para cada caso en específico ya que no se puede generalizar, puesto que no solamente hay que tener en cuenta el componente objetivo del ordenamiento jurídico sino también el subjetivo. Es por esto por lo que la investigación se centra en el análisis que realizan las partes, tanto la fiscalía como ente acusador de demostrar que no se actuó en legítima defensa, como el abogado defensor quien debe argumentarla de manera muy convincente, así como también la autoridad jurisdiccional ya sean los Jueces o los Magistrados en el momento de tomar una decisión que debe estar correctamente motivada.
El Diseño Metodológico que se utilizó en la investigación contó con un Paradigma hermenéutico interpretativo, con un Enfoque cualitativo y un Diseño Explicativo. Además, los Instrumentos de recolección de datos es una matriz de Análisis Documental, toda vez que se estudian documentos internacionales del Bloque de Constitucionalidad como son La Carta de las Naciones Unidas y el Estatuto de Roma, así mismo la Constitución Política de Colombia, la Ley 599 de 2000 nuestro actual Código Penal y la Ley 1407 de 2010 el actual Código Penal Militar, también monografías de pregrado, tesis tanto magistrales como doctorales y finalmente la doctrina y la jurisprudencia.
Como resultado de la investigación se encontró que la necesidad de defensa ha emergió casi desde el mismo surgimiento del hombre puesto que es un derecho connatural de todo ser sintiente y que a lo largo de la historia, con la constante evolución de la sociedad se ha reconocido y restringido la figura jurídica de la Legítima Defensa. Ciertamente no se ha establecido el fundamento principal de la Legítima Defensa, razón por la cual dificulta el análisis de sus elementos, principalmente con el de la proporcionalidad, puesto que el legislador no determina con claridad que se entiende por proporcionalidad entre la agresión injusta y la defensa ejercida para repelerla, así como tampoco por igualdad de armas creando una situación de gran confusión, dificultando su correcto análisis. Un ejemplo claro lo encontramos en la Sentencia SP 291 de 2018 que en Primera Instancia, no fue reconocida la legítima defensa, sino que se condenó por el delito de homicidio doloso, en Segunda Instancia, tampoco se reconoció la legítima defensa y se ratificó el fallo, pero en el recurso extraordinario de Casación, la Corte Suprema de Justicia emitió un fallo absolutorio y en su parte motiva manifestó su falta de reconocimiento por un inadecuado análisis de los elementos constitutivos de esta figura jurídica por parte de las anteriores autoridades jurisdiccionales.
A nivel de conclusión se tiene que la Legítima Defensa se encuentra establecida dentro de las causales de ausencia de responsabilidad porque elimina el elemento de antijuridicidad ya que el legislador le otorga ese derecho de defenderse a aquel individuo que se encuentre frente a una agresión injusta actual o inminente de un tercero y que esa defensa sea para proteger un bien jurídico propio o ajeno, que su finalidad es de impedir o repeler la agresión, procurando llegar al homicidio como último recurso.
Antecedentes:
• Convención Americana de Derecho Humanos.
• La Declaración Universal de Derechos Humanos.
• Constitución Política de Colombia
• Ley 599 de 2000 Código penal
• Ley 906 de 2004 Código de Procedimiento penal
• Ley 1142 de 2007 Modificación al Código penal y de Procedimiento penal
• Ley 1407 de 2010 Código Penal Militar
• Corte Suprema de Justicia, Sala de Casación Penal, Sentencia SP 291 de 2018, Magistrado Ponente Fernando Alberto Castro Caballero.
Objetivos:
Objetivo General
Establecer una aproximación a la causal de ausencia de responsabilidad penal en Ley 599 del 2000 de la legítima defensa en el tipo penal de homicidio en Colombia.
Objetivos Específicos
Conceptuar una aproximación a la causal de ausencia de responsabilidad penal en Ley 599 del 2000 en Colombia.
Determinar la legítima defensa en el tipo penal del homicidio en Colombia.
Establecer una aproximación a la causal de ausencia de responsabilidad penal en Ley 599 del 2000 de la legítima defensa en el tipo penal de homicidio.
Materiales y Métodos:
Paradigma de la Investigación: hermenéutico interpretativo
Enfoque de la Investigación: cualitativo
Diseño de la Investigación: explicativo
Instrumentos de recolección de datos es una matriz de Análisis Documental
Resultados:
Como resultado de la investigación se desarrollaron tres capítulos.
En el primer capítulo se desarrolla una reseña histórica de la legítima defensa partiendo desde la época primitiva, el derecho romano, derecho germánico y canónico, pasando por la edad media y finalizando en la edad moderna hasta llegar a las escuelas influyentes del derecho penal tales como la Escuela Clásica, Positivista, Terzo Scuola, Causalista, Funcionalista y Finalista las cuales también fueron analizadas.
El capítulo segundo nos trata temas como las Causales de Ausencia de Responsabilidad, el Fundamento Jurídico Dogmático de la Legítima Defensa, conceptos según algunos dogmáticos, los Requisitos y la Clasificación de la Legítima Defensa, el Estado de Necesidad y su clasificación.
En el tercer capítulo se expone el homicidio, su concepto, reseña histórica y la doctrina, además se describen los elementos del delito.
Conclusiones:
• Se encuentra tipificada en las causales de Ausencia de responsabilidad
• No se otorga deliberadamente
• Es un amparo al derecho connatural de defensa del ser humano
• La defensa es particular, no colectiva
• Su finalidad es impedir o rechazar una agresión injusta
• Los bienes defendibles pueden ser propios o ajenos
• La legítima defensa debe ser analizada para cada caso en particular
• Es en la fase de la audiencia preparatoria donde se evidencia su inadecuado análisis
This investigation its base on the study of the causal 6 of the article 32 law 599 from the year 2000 Grounds for Absence of penal Responsibility as the legitimate defense specifically on the homicide. The sentence SP 291 of the justice supreme court, penal Cassation Chamber since 21st of february from the year 2018 was the beginning point to reconize the legal reality in the context like in a wrong análisis of the elements of legitimate defense to be reconized, generating consecuences for the person as deprivation of Liberty. The general objective for the investigation its find an aproach to the cause in the absence of penal responsability to the crime at the law 599 fron the year 2000 of determinate defense specificly at the penal homicide, thats the reason for create three specific objectives as: make a judment in base at the absence of penal resposability at the law 599 from the year 2000; determinate the legitimate defense at the homicide crime in Colombia and finally make an approach course to the ausence of penal responsability at the law 599 from the year 2000. Once establishment the constitutive elements of legitimize defense, it must be analyzed each case specifically because it shouldn’t be generalized, that happens because we musn’t only conceder the law, we should analyze the sujetive part too. And that's why the investigation focus is the analisys of both sides, the prosecutor's office and the accuser must show if was or not legitimate defense, and for the other side, the judges must determinate the correct process to follow. The method used in the ivestigation was the Interpretive hermeneutical paradigm and a qualitative focus. for the data recolection was used a documentary analysis matrix, everything studying international laws as united nations charter, the Rome Statute and in the county the Political Constitution of Colombia, the law 599 of the year 2000 in the penal code, the law 1407 of the year 2010 and the current Military Penal Code, using degree work and the jurisprudence. As resoult of the investigation was found the necessity of self defense appear at the same time to the civilized man because it’s a legal right intrinsic to him than the history has been reconized as the legitimited defense. Certainly there is not stablishment rules of the legitimate defense, reason because make dificult the analysis of elements, mainly with the proportionality,the lawmaker doesn’t deteminate the meaning of proportionality between the aggression and a legitimate defense and not eather the proportionality of weapons generating confusión in the analysis of that situations, we can find an example in the sentence SP 291 form the year 2018 than in fist instance, wasn’t recognized the legitimated defense, has been guilty for intentional homicide in second degree also did not reconize the legitimite defense and the veredict was retified, but at the extraordinary appeal, the justice supreme court ratified the inocense as resoult of an inadequate analysis of the case for the previous judges. As a conclusión, the legitimate defense has been stablished as one cause of the absence of responability becuse miss out the law because the lawmaker let himself defense to anyone who be in a letal aggression from a third one and that defense to protect the goods and avoid the aggression and trying to avoid the homicide. Background: • American Convention on Human Rights. • The Universal Declaration of Human Rights. • Political Constitution of Colombia • Law 599 of 2000 Penal Code • Law 906 of 2004 Code of Criminal Procedure • Law 1142 of 2007 Modification to the Criminal Code and Criminal Procedure • Law 1407 of 2010 Military Penal Code • Law 57 of 1887 Civil Code • Supreme Court of Justice, Criminal Cassation Chamber, Sentence SP 291 of 2018, Judge Speaker Fernando Alberto Castro Caballero. Objective: General objective Establish an approach to the cause of absence of criminal responsibility in Law 599 of 2000 of legitimate defense in the criminal type of homicide in Colombia. Specific objectives To conceptualize an approach to the cause of absence of criminal responsibility in Law 599 of 2000 in Colombia. Determine the legitimate defense in the criminal type of homicide in Colombia. Establish an approach to the cause of absence of criminal responsibility in Law 599 of 2000 of legitimate defense in the criminal type of homicide. Materials and Methods: Research Paradigm: Interpretive Hermeneutic Research Approach: qualitative Research Design: explanatory Data collection instruments is a Document Analysis matrix Results: As a result of the research, three chapters were developed. In the first chapter, a historical review of legitimate defense is developed starting from primitive times, Roman law, Germanic and canon law, passing through the Middle Ages and ending in the modern age until reaching the influential schools of criminal law such as the Classical, Positivist, Terzo Scuola, Causalist, Functionalist and Finalist School which were also analyzed. The second chapter deals with topics such as the Causes of Absence of Responsibility, the Dogmatic Legal Foundation of the Legitimate Defense, concepts according to some dogmatists, the Requirements and the Classification of the Legitimate Defense, the State of Necessity and its classification. In the third chapter, homicide, its concept, historical review and doctrine are exposed, and the elements of the crime are also described. Conclusions: • It is classified in the causes of Absence of responsibility • It is not deliberately given • It is a protection of the innate right of defense of the human being • Defense is private, not collective • Its purpose is to prevent or reject an unjust assault • Defensible assets can be owned or owned by others • Legitimate defense must be analyzed for each particular case. • It is in the preparatory hearing phase where its inadequate analysis becomes evident.
This investigation its base on the study of the causal 6 of the article 32 law 599 from the year 2000 Grounds for Absence of penal Responsibility as the legitimate defense specifically on the homicide. The sentence SP 291 of the justice supreme court, penal Cassation Chamber since 21st of february from the year 2018 was the beginning point to reconize the legal reality in the context like in a wrong análisis of the elements of legitimate defense to be reconized, generating consecuences for the person as deprivation of Liberty. The general objective for the investigation its find an aproach to the cause in the absence of penal responsability to the crime at the law 599 fron the year 2000 of determinate defense specificly at the penal homicide, thats the reason for create three specific objectives as: make a judment in base at the absence of penal resposability at the law 599 from the year 2000; determinate the legitimate defense at the homicide crime in Colombia and finally make an approach course to the ausence of penal responsability at the law 599 from the year 2000. Once establishment the constitutive elements of legitimize defense, it must be analyzed each case specifically because it shouldn’t be generalized, that happens because we musn’t only conceder the law, we should analyze the sujetive part too. And that's why the investigation focus is the analisys of both sides, the prosecutor's office and the accuser must show if was or not legitimate defense, and for the other side, the judges must determinate the correct process to follow. The method used in the ivestigation was the Interpretive hermeneutical paradigm and a qualitative focus. for the data recolection was used a documentary analysis matrix, everything studying international laws as united nations charter, the Rome Statute and in the county the Political Constitution of Colombia, the law 599 of the year 2000 in the penal code, the law 1407 of the year 2010 and the current Military Penal Code, using degree work and the jurisprudence. As resoult of the investigation was found the necessity of self defense appear at the same time to the civilized man because it’s a legal right intrinsic to him than the history has been reconized as the legitimited defense. Certainly there is not stablishment rules of the legitimate defense, reason because make dificult the analysis of elements, mainly with the proportionality,the lawmaker doesn’t deteminate the meaning of proportionality between the aggression and a legitimate defense and not eather the proportionality of weapons generating confusión in the analysis of that situations, we can find an example in the sentence SP 291 form the year 2018 than in fist instance, wasn’t recognized the legitimated defense, has been guilty for intentional homicide in second degree also did not reconize the legitimite defense and the veredict was retified, but at the extraordinary appeal, the justice supreme court ratified the inocense as resoult of an inadequate analysis of the case for the previous judges. As a conclusión, the legitimate defense has been stablished as one cause of the absence of responability becuse miss out the law because the lawmaker let himself defense to anyone who be in a letal aggression from a third one and that defense to protect the goods and avoid the aggression and trying to avoid the homicide. Background: • American Convention on Human Rights. • The Universal Declaration of Human Rights. • Political Constitution of Colombia • Law 599 of 2000 Penal Code • Law 906 of 2004 Code of Criminal Procedure • Law 1142 of 2007 Modification to the Criminal Code and Criminal Procedure • Law 1407 of 2010 Military Penal Code • Law 57 of 1887 Civil Code • Supreme Court of Justice, Criminal Cassation Chamber, Sentence SP 291 of 2018, Judge Speaker Fernando Alberto Castro Caballero. Objective: General objective Establish an approach to the cause of absence of criminal responsibility in Law 599 of 2000 of legitimate defense in the criminal type of homicide in Colombia. Specific objectives To conceptualize an approach to the cause of absence of criminal responsibility in Law 599 of 2000 in Colombia. Determine the legitimate defense in the criminal type of homicide in Colombia. Establish an approach to the cause of absence of criminal responsibility in Law 599 of 2000 of legitimate defense in the criminal type of homicide. Materials and Methods: Research Paradigm: Interpretive Hermeneutic Research Approach: qualitative Research Design: explanatory Data collection instruments is a Document Analysis matrix Results: As a result of the research, three chapters were developed. In the first chapter, a historical review of legitimate defense is developed starting from primitive times, Roman law, Germanic and canon law, passing through the Middle Ages and ending in the modern age until reaching the influential schools of criminal law such as the Classical, Positivist, Terzo Scuola, Causalist, Functionalist and Finalist School which were also analyzed. The second chapter deals with topics such as the Causes of Absence of Responsibility, the Dogmatic Legal Foundation of the Legitimate Defense, concepts according to some dogmatists, the Requirements and the Classification of the Legitimate Defense, the State of Necessity and its classification. In the third chapter, homicide, its concept, historical review and doctrine are exposed, and the elements of the crime are also described. Conclusions: • It is classified in the causes of Absence of responsibility • It is not deliberately given • It is a protection of the innate right of defense of the human being • Defense is private, not collective • Its purpose is to prevent or reject an unjust assault • Defensible assets can be owned or owned by others • Legitimate defense must be analyzed for each particular case. • It is in the preparatory hearing phase where its inadequate analysis becomes evident.
Descripción
Palabras clave
Legítima Defensa, Agresión, Ausencia de Responsabilidad, Proporcionalidad, Tipicidad, Antijuridicidad, Culpabilidad, Legitimate Defense, Aggression, Absence of Responsibility, Proportionality, Typicity, Unlawfulness, Guilt
