La imputabilidad, como presupuesto de la responsabilidad penal en menores de 14 a 18 años, que cometieron delito de homicidio en la ciudad de Cúcuta, años 2017-2019
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2021
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Ediciones Universidad Simón Bolívar
Facultad de Ciencias Jurídicas y Sociales
Facultad de Ciencias Jurídicas y Sociales
Resumen
Antecedentes:
Inimputabilidad e inmadurez psicológica y su relación con los principios generales de la responsabilidad penal del adolescente infractor en Colombia (Jaramillo, 2017).
Inimputabilidad y vacíos normativos para el restablecimiento de derechos en la ley 1098 de 2006 en la población menor de 0 a 14 años responsable de una conducta punible (Jaramillo, 2017).
La sanción a los menores infractores de la ley penal en un Estado social y democrático de derecho (Parra, 2015).
Análisis comparativo de la responsabilidad penal de los adolescentes en Colombia y Estados Unidos (Maldonado, 2016).
Análisis socio-jurídico del comportamiento delictivo por parte de los adolescentes en el municipio de San José de Cúcuta, y su sanción en los años 2011-2014 (Corzo & Ordoñez, 2016).
Análisis comparativo de la responsabilidad penal de los adolescentes en Colombia y Estados Unidos (Lopez & Ramirez, 2016).
La edad como factor determinante de la inimputabilidad de los menores en el sistema penal colombiano: una visión desde el derecho comparado (Zapata, 2015).
La imputabilidad en los menores de edad y el cumplimiento de las penas y sanciones (Martinez, 2018).
Niños, niñas y adolescentes: ¿inimputables o no punibles? (Zurzolo Suarez, 2012).
La incidencia de la inimputabilidad de los menores infractores en la seguridad ciudadana (Herreras Arce, 2015).
La inimputabilidad del menor como causa de la falta de desarrollo de la personalidad, como causa de la inseguridad jurídica y ciudadana (Pacheco Mauricio & Ramos Carrera Mireya, 2015).
Inimputabilidad de menores de catorce años en delitos de homicidio (Sicariato) (Macías Mejía & Ordoñez de Valdez Segura, 2017).
La inimputabilidad de los adolescentes en la aplicación de sanciones previstas en las leyes penales en Ecuador (Zambrano Aveiga, 2019).
Objetivos:
Identificar los instrumentos nacionales e internacionales que tratan la imputabilidad y su aplicabilidad en el contexto de los adolescentes entre los 14 años de edad a los 18 años de edad
Examinar las estadísticas de los homicidios cometidos en la ciudad de Cúcuta durante los años 2017-2019 por parte de adolescentes entre los 14 años de edad y los 18 años de edad
Caracterizar a los adolescentes entre los 14 años de edad y los 18 años de edad que han cometido el delito de homicidio en la ciudad de Cúcuta y su concepción sobre el Sistema de Responsabilidad de Penal para Adolescentes -SRPA-
Establecer la opinión de expertos sobre el Sistema de Responsabilidad de Penal para Adolescentes -SRPA-
Materiales y Métodos:
El diseño de la investigación es el concebido como explicativo, el cual tiene como finalidad la exposición de un determinado fenómeno en su contexto natural. Esta clase de diseño está habitualmente relacionado con el descriptivo, pero se diferencia de éste porque busca identificar las causas que llevan a que el tema de investigación se comporte de cierto modo.
Igualmente, esta investigación tiene como base el enfoque cualitativo y cuenta con los siguientes instrumentos: cuestionario de entrevista, matriz de análisis legal.
Resultados:
El artículo 33 del Código Penal establece que los adolescentes no son imputables de acuerdo a una premisa legal ni es necesario llevar a cabo un análisis acerca de la incapacidad para cometer ilicitudes. Más bien le dio sitio a una extracción del sistema penal ordinario con el fin de conformar una jurisdicción penal particular donde estos menores de edad tengan un tratamiento diferencial en aras de materializar la rehabilitación y la resocialización, mediante la acción mancomunada entre el Estado y las instituciones que éste considere.
El Sistema de Responsabilidad Penal para Adolescentes -SRPA- permite distinguir que, a aquellos adolescentes entre los 14 años de edad y los 18 años de edad que hayan cometido una infracción penal, les cabe la privación de la libertad, la aplicación de un medio semi-cerrado, la libertad vigilada, la prestación de ayuda comunitaria, las reglas de conducta o amonestación alguna.
En cuanto a la dinámica de los homicidios cometidos en Cúcuta por menores de edad entre los 14 y los 18 años, en el período 2017-2019, se encuentra un total de 17 conductas punibles relacionadas: 4 en el año 2017, 6 en el año 2018 y 7 en el año 2019. Además de lo anterior se encuentra que, en ese lapso, no hubo infracciones por parte de adolescentes que contasen con 14 o 15 años de edad, pero sí de 16, 17 y 18 años de edad por cumplir (1 caso, 10 casos y 6 casos, respectivamente).
En relación a la caracterización de los menores de edad que cometieron esta serie de delitos en la capital nortesantandereana, se trata de adolescentes que han hecho parte de hogares disfuncionales, varios de ellos con antecedentes delictivos entre sus familiares, consumidores permanentes de sustancias alucinógenas y que se han formado en ambientes sociales donde hay carencias educativas y permanentes comisiones delictivas. De hecho, varios de ellos alternaban sus días entre las aulas de clase y los escenarios delincuenciales.
Finalmente, en cuanto a la opinión de expertos en el Sistema de Responsabilidad Penal para Adolescentes -SRPA- sobre la imputabilidad de adolescentes infractores, ratifican que efectivamente se debe dar un castigo o sanción cuando se prueba la comisión de un tipo penal por parte del menor que se encuentra entre los 14 años de edad y los 18 años de edad. Tal cual como lo establece la normatividad colombiana en relación a este contexto.
Conclusiones:
El Estado debe entrar a revisar que la mayoría de estos adolescentes hacen parte de ambientes repletos de desigualdad que los vuelven susceptibles ante el hecho de conformar organizaciones delictivas. Tienen la consciencia del acto que están cometiendo, pero están antecedidos de unas condiciones socioeconómicas deplorables. Es más, recuerdan que las bandas criminales utilizan menores de edad con el objetivo de ejecutar homicidios ante las sanciones leves que puede llegar a revelar el Sistema de Responsabilidad Penal para Adolescentes -SRPA-.
En cuanto a la reincidencia delictiva de los menores de edad, este escenario se genera por fallas en el proceso de resocialización y por la falta de compromiso de las figuras estatales en relación con las políticas públicas que buscan prevenir que los adolescentes delincan.
Background: Inimputability and psychological immaturity and its relationship with the general principles of criminal responsibility of the adolescent offender in Colombia (Jaramillo, 2017). Unimputability and regulatory gaps for the restoration of rights in Law 1098 of 2006 in the population under 0 to 14 years of age responsible for a punishable conduct (Jaramillo, 2017). The punishment of juvenile offenders of criminal law in a social and democratic state of law (Parra, 2015). Comparative analysis of the criminal responsibility of adolescents in Colombia and the United States (Maldonado, 2016). Socio-legal analysis of criminal behavior by adolescents in the municipality of San José de Cúcuta, and its sanction in the years 2011-2014 (Corzo & Ordoñez, 2016). Comparative analysis of the criminal responsibility of adolescents in Colombia and the United States (Lopez & Ramirez, 2016). Age as a determining factor of the criminal responsibility of minors in the Colombian criminal system: a view from comparative law (Zapata, 2015). The imputability of minors and compliance with penalties and sanctions (Martinez, 2018). Boys, girls and adolescents: unimpeachable or not punishable? (Zurzolo Suarez, 2012). The incidence of unimputability of juvenile offenders in citizen security (Herreras Arce, 2015). The unimputability of the minor as a cause of the lack of development of the personality, as a cause of legal and citizen insecurity (Pacheco Mauricio & Ramos Carrera Mireya, 2015). The criminal offense of minors under fourteen years of age in crimes of homicide (Sicariato) (Macías Mejía & Ordoñez de Valdez Segura, 2017). The unimputability of adolescents in the application of sanctions provided for in criminal laws in Ecuador (Zambrano Aveiga, 2019). Objective: Identify the national and international instruments that address imputability and their applicability in the context of adolescents between 14 years of age and 18 years of age Examine the statistics of homicides committed in the city of Cúcuta during the years 2017-2019 by adolescents between 14 years of age and 18 years of age Characterize adolescents between 14 years of age and 18 years of age who have committed the crime of homicide in the city of Cúcuta and their conception of the Criminal Responsibility System for Adolescents -SRPA- Establish the opinion of experts on the Criminal Liability System for Adolescents -SRPA- Materials and Methods: The research design is conceived as explanatory, which aims to expose a certain phenomenon in its natural context. This kind of design is usually related to the descriptive one, but it differs from it because it seeks to identify the causes that lead the research topic to behave in a certain way. Likewise, this research is based on the qualitative approach and has the following instruments: interview questionnaire, legal analysis matrix. Results: Article 33 of the Penal Code established that adolescents are not imputable according to a legal premise, nor is it necessary to carry out an analysis of their inability to commit illicit acts. Rather, it gave way to an extraction from the ordinary criminal system in order to form a particular criminal jurisdiction where these minors have differential treatment in order to materialize rehabilitation and re-socialization, through joint action between the State and the institutions. that he considers. The Criminal Responsibility System for Adolescents -SRPA- makes it possible to distinguish that adolescents between 14 years of age and 18 years of age who have committed a criminal offense are subject to deprivation of liberty, the application of a semi -Closed, probation, the provision of community aid, the rules of conduct or any reprimand. Regarding the dynamics of homicides committed in Cúcuta by minors between the ages of 14 and 18, in the period 2017-2019, a total of 17 related punishable behaviors were found: 4 in 2017, 6 in the year 2018 and 7 in the year 2019. In addition to the above, it is found that, in that period, there were no infractions by adolescents who were 14 or 15 years old, but there were 16, 17 and 18 years of age for comply (1 cases, 10 cases and 6 cases, respectively). In relation to the characterization of the minors who committed this series of crimes in the north-eastern capital of Santander, these are adolescents who have been part of dysfunctional homes, several of them with criminal records among their relatives, permanent users of hallucinogenic substances and who they have been formed in social environments where there are educational deficiencies and permanent criminal commissions. In fact, several of them alternated their days between classrooms and crime scenes. Finally, regarding the opinion of experts in the Criminal Responsibility System for Adolescents -SRPA- on the imputability of adolescent offenders, they ratify that a punishment or sanction must indeed be given when the commission of a criminal offense by the minor is proven who is between 14 years of age and 18 years of age. As established by Colombian regulations in relation to this context. Conclusions: The State must begin to review that most of these adolescents are part of environments full of inequality that make them susceptible to the fact that they form criminal organizations. They are aware of the act they are committing, but they are preceded by deplorable socioeconomic conditions. Furthermore, they recall that criminal gangs use minors in order to carry out homicides in light of the mild penalties that the Criminal Responsibility System for Adolescents -SRPA- may reveal. Regarding the criminal recidivism of minors, this scenario is generated by failures in the resocialization process and by the lack of commitment of state figures in relation to public policies that seek to prevent adolescents from committing crimes
Background: Inimputability and psychological immaturity and its relationship with the general principles of criminal responsibility of the adolescent offender in Colombia (Jaramillo, 2017). Unimputability and regulatory gaps for the restoration of rights in Law 1098 of 2006 in the population under 0 to 14 years of age responsible for a punishable conduct (Jaramillo, 2017). The punishment of juvenile offenders of criminal law in a social and democratic state of law (Parra, 2015). Comparative analysis of the criminal responsibility of adolescents in Colombia and the United States (Maldonado, 2016). Socio-legal analysis of criminal behavior by adolescents in the municipality of San José de Cúcuta, and its sanction in the years 2011-2014 (Corzo & Ordoñez, 2016). Comparative analysis of the criminal responsibility of adolescents in Colombia and the United States (Lopez & Ramirez, 2016). Age as a determining factor of the criminal responsibility of minors in the Colombian criminal system: a view from comparative law (Zapata, 2015). The imputability of minors and compliance with penalties and sanctions (Martinez, 2018). Boys, girls and adolescents: unimpeachable or not punishable? (Zurzolo Suarez, 2012). The incidence of unimputability of juvenile offenders in citizen security (Herreras Arce, 2015). The unimputability of the minor as a cause of the lack of development of the personality, as a cause of legal and citizen insecurity (Pacheco Mauricio & Ramos Carrera Mireya, 2015). The criminal offense of minors under fourteen years of age in crimes of homicide (Sicariato) (Macías Mejía & Ordoñez de Valdez Segura, 2017). The unimputability of adolescents in the application of sanctions provided for in criminal laws in Ecuador (Zambrano Aveiga, 2019). Objective: Identify the national and international instruments that address imputability and their applicability in the context of adolescents between 14 years of age and 18 years of age Examine the statistics of homicides committed in the city of Cúcuta during the years 2017-2019 by adolescents between 14 years of age and 18 years of age Characterize adolescents between 14 years of age and 18 years of age who have committed the crime of homicide in the city of Cúcuta and their conception of the Criminal Responsibility System for Adolescents -SRPA- Establish the opinion of experts on the Criminal Liability System for Adolescents -SRPA- Materials and Methods: The research design is conceived as explanatory, which aims to expose a certain phenomenon in its natural context. This kind of design is usually related to the descriptive one, but it differs from it because it seeks to identify the causes that lead the research topic to behave in a certain way. Likewise, this research is based on the qualitative approach and has the following instruments: interview questionnaire, legal analysis matrix. Results: Article 33 of the Penal Code established that adolescents are not imputable according to a legal premise, nor is it necessary to carry out an analysis of their inability to commit illicit acts. Rather, it gave way to an extraction from the ordinary criminal system in order to form a particular criminal jurisdiction where these minors have differential treatment in order to materialize rehabilitation and re-socialization, through joint action between the State and the institutions. that he considers. The Criminal Responsibility System for Adolescents -SRPA- makes it possible to distinguish that adolescents between 14 years of age and 18 years of age who have committed a criminal offense are subject to deprivation of liberty, the application of a semi -Closed, probation, the provision of community aid, the rules of conduct or any reprimand. Regarding the dynamics of homicides committed in Cúcuta by minors between the ages of 14 and 18, in the period 2017-2019, a total of 17 related punishable behaviors were found: 4 in 2017, 6 in the year 2018 and 7 in the year 2019. In addition to the above, it is found that, in that period, there were no infractions by adolescents who were 14 or 15 years old, but there were 16, 17 and 18 years of age for comply (1 cases, 10 cases and 6 cases, respectively). In relation to the characterization of the minors who committed this series of crimes in the north-eastern capital of Santander, these are adolescents who have been part of dysfunctional homes, several of them with criminal records among their relatives, permanent users of hallucinogenic substances and who they have been formed in social environments where there are educational deficiencies and permanent criminal commissions. In fact, several of them alternated their days between classrooms and crime scenes. Finally, regarding the opinion of experts in the Criminal Responsibility System for Adolescents -SRPA- on the imputability of adolescent offenders, they ratify that a punishment or sanction must indeed be given when the commission of a criminal offense by the minor is proven who is between 14 years of age and 18 years of age. As established by Colombian regulations in relation to this context. Conclusions: The State must begin to review that most of these adolescents are part of environments full of inequality that make them susceptible to the fact that they form criminal organizations. They are aware of the act they are committing, but they are preceded by deplorable socioeconomic conditions. Furthermore, they recall that criminal gangs use minors in order to carry out homicides in light of the mild penalties that the Criminal Responsibility System for Adolescents -SRPA- may reveal. Regarding the criminal recidivism of minors, this scenario is generated by failures in the resocialization process and by the lack of commitment of state figures in relation to public policies that seek to prevent adolescents from committing crimes
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Palabras clave
Imputabilidad, Responsabilidad penal, Menor de edad, Homicidio, Cúcuta, Sistema de Responsabilidad Penal para Adolescentes, SRPA, Imputability, Criminal responsibility, Minor, Homicide, Cúcuta, System of Criminal Responsibility for Adolescents, SRPA
