Surface persistence of trace level deposits of highly energetic materials
| dc.contributor.author | Pacheco-Londoño, Leonardo C. | |
| dc.contributor.author | Ruiz-Caballero, José L. | |
| dc.contributor.author | Ramírez-Cedeño, Michael L. | |
| dc.contributor.author | Infante-Castillo, Ricardo | |
| dc.contributor.author | Gálan-Freyle, Nataly J. | |
| dc.contributor.author | Hernández-Rivera, Samuel P. | |
| dc.date.accessioned | 2019-09-27T13:36:54Z | |
| dc.date.available | 2019-09-27T13:36:54Z | |
| dc.date.issued | 2019 | |
| dc.description.abstract | In the fields of Security and Defense, explosive traces must be analyzed at the sites of the terrorist events. The persistence on surfaces of these traces depends on the sublimation processes and the interactions with the surfaces. This study presents evidence that the sublimation process of these traces on stainless steel (SS) surfaces is very different than in bulk quantities. The enthalpies of sublimation of traces of four highly energetic materials: triacetone triperoxide (TATP), 2,4-dinitrotoluene (DNT), 2,4,6-trinitrotoluene (TNT), and 1,3,5- trinitrohexahydro-s-triazine (RDX) deposited on SS substrates were determined by optical fiber coupled-grazing angle probe Fourier Transform Infrared (FTIR) Spectroscopy. These were compared with enthalpies of sublimation determined by thermal gravimetric analysis for bulk amounts and differences between them were found. The sublimation enthalpy of RDX was very different for traces than for bulk quantities, attributed to two main factors. First, the beta-RDX phase was present at trace levels, unlike the case of bulk amounts which consisted only of the alpha-RDX phase. Second, an interaction between the RDX and SS was found. This interaction energy was determined using grazing angle FTIR microscopy. In the case of DNT and TNT, bulk and traces enthalpies were statistically similar, but it is evidenced that at the level of traces a metastable phase was observed. Finally, for TATP the enthalpies were statistically identical, but a non-linear behavior and a change of heat capacity values different from zero was found for both trace and bulk phases. | eng |
| dc.identifier.issn | 14203049 | |
| dc.identifier.uri | https://hdl.handle.net/20.500.12442/4070 | |
| dc.language.iso | eng | eng |
| dc.publisher | MDPI | eng |
| dc.rights | Attribution-NonCommercial-NoDerivatives 4.0 Internacional | * |
| dc.rights.accessrights | info:eu-repo/semantics/openAccess | spa |
| dc.rights.uri | http://creativecommons.org/licenses/by-nc-nd/4.0/ | * |
| dc.source | Molecules | eng |
| dc.source | Vol. 24 No. 19 (2019) | |
| dc.source.uri | https://www.mdpi.com/1420-3049/24/19/3494 | eng |
| dc.subject | Sublimation | eng |
| dc.subject | Explosive | eng |
| dc.subject | FTIR | eng |
| dc.subject | Thermogravimetric analysis | eng |
| dc.subject | Grazing angle | eng |
| dc.title | Surface persistence of trace level deposits of highly energetic materials | eng |
| dc.type | article | eng |
| dcterms.references | Mamo, S.K.; Gonzalez-Rodriguez, J. Development of a Molecularly Imprinted Polymer-Based Sensor for the Electrochemical Determination of Triacetone Triperoxide (TATP). Sensors 2014, 14, 23269–23282. | eng |
| dcterms.references | Walter, M.A.; Panne, U.;Weller, M.G. A Novel Immunoreagent for the Specific and Sensitive Detection of the Explosive Triacetone Triperoxide (TATP). Biosensors 2011, 1, 93–106. | eng |
| dcterms.references | Santos, J.P.; Fernández, M.J.; Fontecha, J.L.; Matatagui, D.; Sayago, I.; Horrillo, M.C.; Gracia, I. Nanocrystalline Tin Oxide Nanofibers Deposited by a Novel Focused Electrospinning Method. Application to the Detection of TATP Precursors. Sensors 2014, 14, 24231–24243. | eng |
| dcterms.references | Lü, X.; Hao, P.; Xie, G.; Duan, J.; Gao, L.; Liu, B. A Sensor Array Realized by a Single Flexible TiO2/POMs Film to Contactless Detection of Triacetone Triperoxide. Sensors 2019, 19, 915. | eng |
| dcterms.references | Sun, Q.;Wu, Z.; Duan, H.; Jia, D. Detection of Triacetone Triperoxide (TATP) Precursors with an Array of Sensors Based on MoS2/RGO Composites. Sensors 2019, 19, 1281. | eng |
| dcterms.references | Nguyen, T.T.; Phan, D.N.; Nguyen, D.C.; Do, V.T.; Bach, L.G. The Chemical Compatibility and Adhesion of Energetic Materials with Several Polymers and Binders: An Experimental Study. Polymers 2018, 10, 1396. | eng |
| dcterms.references | Trofimov, V.A.; Varentsova, S.A. A PossibleWay for the Detection and Identification of Dangerous Substances in Ternary Mixtures Using THz Pulsed Spectroscopy. Sensors 2019, 19, 2365. | eng |
| dcterms.references | Manley, P.V.; Sagan, V.; Fritschi, F.B.; Burken, J.G. Remote Sensing of Explosives-Induced Stress in Plants: Hyperspectral Imaging Analysis for Remote Detection of Unexploded Threats. Remote Sens. 2019, 11, 1827. | eng |
| dcterms.references | Herrera-Chacon, A.; Campos, I.; Bottone, L.; Valle, M.d. Molecularly Imprinted Polymers for TNT Analogues. Development of Electrochemical TNT Biosensors. Proceedings 2017, 1, 731. | eng |
| dcterms.references | Charles, P.T.; Wadhwa, V.; Kouyate, A.; Mesa-Donado, K.J.; Adams, A.A.; Deschamps, J.R.; Kusterbeck, A.W. A High Aspect Ratio Bifurcated 128-Microchannel Microfluidic Device for Environmental Monitoring of Explosives. Sensors 2018, 18, 1568. | eng |
| dcterms.references | Marchisio, A.; Tulliani, J.M. Semiconducting Metal Oxides Nanocomposites for Enhanced Detection of Explosive Vapors. Ceramics 2018, 1, 98–119. | eng |
| dcterms.references | Zarejousheghani, M.; Lorenz, W.; Vanninen, P.; Alizadeh, T.; Cämmerer, M.; Borsdorf, H. Molecularly Imprinted Polymer Materials as Selective Recognition Sorbents for Explosives: A Review. Polymers 2019, 11, 888. | eng |
| dcterms.references | Attard, G.; Barnes, C. Surface; Oxford Science Publications: New York, NY, USA, 1998. | eng |
| dcterms.references | Galleano, M.; Boveris, A.; Puntarulo, S. Understanding the Clausius–Clapeyron Equation by Employing an Easily Adaptable Pressure Cooker. J. Chem. Educ. 2008, 85, 276. | eng |
| dcterms.references | Sladkov, I.B.; Nedoshivina, M.S. On the accuracy of calculation by the Clapeyron-Clausius equation. Russ. J. Appl. Chem. 2001, 74, 390–393. | eng |
| dcterms.references | Velasco, S.; Román, F.L.; White, J.A. On the Clausius–Clapeyron vapor pressure equation. J. Chem. Educ. 2009, 86, 106–111. | eng |
| dcterms.references | Yarwood, J.L.; Le Croissette, D.H. Vapour pressure measurements of bromine. Vacuum 1951, 1, 37–38. | eng |
| dcterms.references | Pikal, M.; Lukes, A. Knudsen Vapor Pressure Measurements on Pure Materials and Solutions Dispersed in Porous Media: Molded Nitroglycerin Tablets. J. Pharm. Sci. 1976, 65, 1269–1277. | eng |
| dcterms.references | Elder, J.P. Sublimation measurements of pharmaceutical compounds by isothermal thermogravivletry. J. Therm. Anal. 1997, 49, 897–905. | eng |
| dcterms.references | Jones, D.; Lightfoot, P.; Fouchard, R.; Kwok, Q. Thermal properties ofDMNB, a detection agent for explosives. Thermochim. Acta 2002, 388, 159–173. | eng |
| dcterms.references | Chatterjee, K.; Dollimore, D.; Alexander, K.S. Calculation of vapor pressure curves for hydroxy benzoic acid derivatives using thermogravimetry. Thermochim. Acta 2002, 392–393, 107–117. | eng |
| dcterms.references | Ramirez, M.; Pacheco-Londoño, L.; Peña Quevedo, A.; Hernández-Rivera, S. Characterization of peroxide-based explosives by thermal analysis—Art. no. 62012B. Proc. SPIE 2006, 6201, 62012B-620111A. | eng |
| dcterms.references | Stefanov, A.; Stibor, A.; Dominguez-Clarimon, A.; Arndt, M. Sublimation enthalpy of dye molecules measured using fluorescence. J. Chem. Phys. 2004, 121, 6935–6940. | eng |
| dcterms.references | Mehta, N.; Goenaga-Polo, J.; Hernández-Rivera, S.P.; Hernández, D.; Thomson, M.A.; Melling, P.J. Development of an In-Situ Spectroscopic Method for Cleaning Validation Using Mid-IR Fiber Optics. Spectroscopy 2003, 18, 14. | eng |
| dcterms.references | Hamilton, M.L.; Perston, B.B.; Harland, P.W.; Williamson, B.E.; Thomson, M.A.; Melling, P.J. Grazing-Angle Fiber-Optic IRRAS for in Situ Cleaning Validation. Org. Process Res. Dev. 2005, 9, 337–343. | eng |
| dcterms.references | Primera-Pedrozo, O.; Pacheco-Londono, L.; De la Torre-Quintana, L.; Hernández-Rivera, S.; Thomas Chamberlain, R.; Lareau, R. Use of fiber-optic coupled FT-IR in detection of explosives on surfaces. Proc. SPIE 2004, 5403, 237–245. | eng |
| dcterms.references | Casperson, L.W. Grazing reflection of Gaussian beams. Appl. Opt. 1999, 38, 554–562. | eng |
| dcterms.references | Verdeyen, J.T. Laser Electronics, 1st ed.; Prentice-Hall, Inc.: Upper Saddle River, NJ, USA, 1981. | eng |
| dcterms.references | Mansfield, E.; Kar, A.; Quinn, T.P.; Hooker, S.A. Quartz Crystal Microbalances for Microscale Thermogravimetric Analysis. Anal. Chem. 2010, 82, 9977–9982. | eng |
| dcterms.references | Price, D.M. Volatilisation, evaporation and vapour pressure studies using a thermobalance. J. Therm. Anal. Calorim. 2001, 64, 315–322. | eng |
| dcterms.references | Langmuir, I. The vapor pressure of metallic tungsten. Phys. Rev. 1913, 2, 329–342. | eng |
| dcterms.references | Price, D.M.; Hawkins, M. Calorimetry of two disperse dyes using thermogravimetry. Thermochim. Acta 1998, 315, 19–24. | eng |
| dcterms.references | Colomina, M.; Jimenez, P.; Turrion, C. Vapour pressures and enthalpies of sublimation of naphthalene and benzoic acid. J. Chem. Thermodyn. 1982, 14, 779–784. | eng |
| dcterms.references | Ribeiro da Silva, M.A.V.; Monte, M.J.S.; Santos, L.M.N.B.F. The design, construction, and testing of a new Knudsen effusion apparatus. J. Chem. Thermodyn. 2006, 38, 778–787. | eng |
| dcterms.references | Oura, K.; Lifshits, V.G.; Saranin, A.A.; Zotov, A.V.; Katayama, M. Surface Science: An Introduction; Springer: Berlin, Germany, 2003. | eng |
| dcterms.references | Redhead, P.A. Thermal desorption of gases. Vacuum 1962, 12, 203–211. | eng |
| dcterms.references | Tolstoy, V.P.; Chernyshova, I.V.; Skryshevsky, V.A. Handbook of Infrared Spectroscopy of Ultrathin Films; Wiley-Interscience: Hoboken, NJ, USA, 2003. | eng |
| dcterms.references | Buttigieg, G.A.; Knight, A.K.; Denson, S.; Pommier, C.; Bonner Denton, M. Characterization of the explosive triacetone triperoxide and detection by ion mobility spectrometry. Forensic Sci. Int. 2003, 135, 53–59. | eng |
| dcterms.references | Brauer, B.; Dubnikova, F.; Zeiri, Y.; Kosloff, R.; Gerber, R.B. Vibrational spectroscopy of triacetone triperoxide (TATP): Anharmonic fundamentals, overtones and combination bands. Spectrochim. Acta-Part A Mol. Biomol. Spectrosc. 2008, 71, 1438–1445. | eng |
| dcterms.references | Alzate, L.F.; Ramos, C.M.; Hernandez, N.M.; Hernandez, S.P.; Mina, N. The vibrational spectroscopic signature of TNT in clay minerals. Vib. Spectrosc. 2006, 42, 357–368. | eng |
| dcterms.references | Ortiz-Rivera, W.; Pacheco-Londoño, L.; Castro, J.; Felix-Rivera, H.; Hernendez-Rivera, S. Vibrational Spectroscopy Standoff Detection of Threat Chemicals. Proc. SPIE 2011, 8031, 803129. | eng |
| dcterms.references | Pacheco-Londoño, L.; Ortiz-Rivera, W.; Primera-Pedrozo, O.; Hernandez-Rivera, S. Vibrational spectroscopy standoff detection of explosives. Anal. Bioanal. Chem. 2009, 395, 323–335. | eng |
| dcterms.references | Infante-Castillo, R.; Pacheco-Londoño, L.C.; Hernandez-Rivera, S.P. Monitoring the a to b solid-solid phase transition of RDX with Raman spectroscopy: A theoretical and experimental study. J. Mol. Struct. 2010, 970, 51–58. | eng |
| dcterms.references | Infante-Castillo, R.; Pacheco-Londoño, L.; Hernandez-Rivera, S.P. Vibrational spectra and structure of RDX and its 13C- and 15N-labeled derivatives: A theoretical and experimental study. Spectrochim. Acta Part A Mol. Biomol. Spectrosc. 2010, 76, 137–141. | eng |
| dcterms.references | Torres, P.; Mercado, L.; Cotte, I.; Hernandez, S.P.; Mina, N.; Santana, A.; Chamberlain, R.T.; Lareau, R.; Castro, M.E. Vibrational Spectroscopy Study of b and a RDX Deposits. J. Phys. Chem. B 2004, 108, 8799–8805. | eng |
| dcterms.references | Figueroa-Navedo, A.M.; Ruiz-Caballero, J.L.; Pacheco-Londoño, L.C.; Hernandez-Rivera, S.P. Characterization of a- and b-RDX Polymorphs in Crystalline Deposits on Stainless Steel Substrates. Cryst. Growth Des. 2016, 16, 3631–3638. | eng |
| dcterms.references | Ruiz-Caballero, J.L.; Aparicio-Bolaño, J.A.; Figueroa-Navedo, A.M.; Pacheco-Londoño, L.C.; Hernandez-Rivera, S.P. Optical Properties of b-RDX Thin Films Deposited on Gold and Stainless Steel Substrates Calculated from Reflection–Absorption Infrared Spectra. Appl. Spectrosc. 2017, 71, 1990–2000. | eng |
| dcterms.references | Ruiz-Caballero, J.L.; Blanco-Riveiro, L.A.; Ramirez-Marrero, I.A.; Perez-Almodovar, L.A.; Colon-Mercado, A.M.; Castro-Suarez, J.R.; Pacheco-Londoño, L.C.; Hernandez-Rivera, S.P. Enhanced RDX Detection Studies on Various Types of Substrates via Tunable Quantum Cascade Laser Spectrometer Coupled with Grazing Angle Probe. IOP Conf. Ser. Mater. Sci. Eng. 2019, 519, 012007. | eng |
| dcterms.references | Wold, S.; Sjöströma, M.; Eriksson, L. PLS-regression: A basic tool of chemometrics. Chemom. Intell. Lab. Syst. 2001, 58, 109–130. | eng |
| dcterms.references | Mardia, J.K.V.; Kent, J.T.; Biby, J.M. Chemometrics: Statistic and Computer Application in Analytical Chemistry; Academic Press: London, UK, 1980. | eng |
| dcterms.references | Otto, M. Chemometrics: Statistic and Computer Application in Analytical Chemistry; Wiley-VCH: Weinheim, Germany, 1999. | eng |
| dcterms.references | Brereton. Chemometrics: Data Analysis for the Laboratory and Chemical Plant; JohnWiley & Sons, Ltd: Chichester, UK, 2003. | eng |
| dcterms.references | Beebe, K.R.; Pell, R.J.; Seasholtz, M.B. Chemometrics. A Pactricla Guide; JohnWiley & Sons, Inc: New York, NY, USA, 1998. | eng |
| dcterms.references | Primera-Pedrozo, O.; Soto-Feliciano, Y.; Pacheco-Londoño, L.; Hernandez-Rivera, S. Detection of High Explosives Using Reflection Absorption Infrared Spectroscopy with Fiber Coupled Grazing Angle Probe/FTIR. Sens. Imaging Int. J. 2009, 10, 1–13. | eng |
| dcterms.references | Primera-Pedrozo, O.; Soto-Feliciano, Y.; Pacheco-Londoño, L.; Hernandez-Rivera, S. High Explosives Mixtures Detection Using Fiber Optics Coupled: Grazing Angle Probe/Fourier Transform Reflection Absorption Infrared Spectroscopy. Sens. Imaging Int. J. 2008, 9, 27–40. | eng |
| dcterms.references | Galán-Freyle, N.J.; Pacheco-Londoño, L.C.; Figueroa-Navedo, A.M.; Hernandez-Rivera, S.P. Standoff Detection of Highly Energetic Materials Using Laser-Induced Thermal Excitation of Infrared Emission. Appl. Spectrosc. 2015, 69, 535–544. | eng |
| dcterms.references | Wrable-Rose, M.; Primera-Pedrozo, O.M.; Pacheco-Londoño, L.C.; Hernandez-Rivera, S.P. Preparation of TNT, RDX and ammonium nitrate standards on gold-on-silicon surfaces by thermal inkjet technology. Sens. Imaging 2010, 11, 147–169. | eng |
| dcterms.references | Thumanu, K.; Tanthanuch,W.; Lorthongpanich, C.; Heraud, P.; Parnpai, R. FTIR microspectroscopic imaging as a new tool to distinguish chemical composition of mouse blastocyst. J. Mol. Struct. 2009, 933, 104–111. | eng |
| dcterms.references | Faber, N.M.; Bro, R. Standard error of prediction for multiway PLS-1. Background and a simulation study. Chemom. Intell. Lab. Syst. 2002, 61, 133–149. | eng |
| dcterms.references | Felipe-Sotelo, M.; Cal-Prieto, M.J.; Ferre, J.; Boque, R.; Andrade, J.M.; Carlosena, A. Linear PLS regression to cope with interferences of major concomitants in the determination of antimony by ETAAS. J. Anal. At. Spectrom. 2006, 21, 61–68. | eng |
| dcterms.references | Galan-Freyle, N.J.; Pacheco-Londoño, L.C.; Roman-Ospino, A.D.; Hernandez-Rivera, S.P. Applications of Quantum Cascade Laser Spectroscopy in the Analysis of Pharmaceutical Formulations. Appl. Spectrosc. 2016, 70, 1511–1519. | eng |
| dcterms.references | Pacheco-Londoño, L.C.; Galán-Freyle, N.J.; Figueroa-Navedo, A.M.; Infante-Castillo, R.; Ruiz-Caballero, J.L.; Hernández-Rivera, S.P. Quantum cascade laser back-reflection spectroscopy at grazing-angle incidence using the fast Fourier transform as a data preprocessing algorithm. J. Chemom. 2019, 33, e3167. | eng |
| dcterms.references | Pacheco-Londoño, L.C.; Aparicio-Bolaño, J.A.; Galan-Freyle, N.J.; Roman-Ospino, A.D.; Ruiz-Caballero, J.L.; Hernandez-Rivera, S.P. Classical Least Squares-Assisted Mid-Infrared (MIR) Laser Spectroscopy Detection of High Explosives on Fabrics. Appl. Spectrosc. 2019, 73, 17–29. | eng |
| dcterms.references | IUPAC. Erratum: International union of pure and applied chemistry analytical chemistry division commission on spectrochemical and other optical procedures for analysis nomenclature, symbols, units and their usage in spectrochemical analysis - II. Data interpretation (Analytical Chemistry (1976) 48 (1424)). Anal. Chem. 1976, 48, 2293. | eng |
| dcterms.references | Goldberg, I.G.; Swift, J.A. New Insights into the Metastable b Form of RDX. Cryst. Growth Des. 2012, 12, 1040–1045. | eng |
| dcterms.references | Verevkin, S.P. Enthalpy of sublimation of dibenzofuran: A redetermination. Phys. Chem. Chem. Phys. 2003, 5, 710–712. | eng |
| dcterms.references | Bevington, P.R.; Robinson, D.K. Data Reduction and Error Analysis for the Physical Sciences, 3rd ed.; McGraw-Hill: New York, NY, USA, 2003. | eng |
| dcterms.references | Hibbert, D.B. The uncertainty of a result from a linear calibration. Analyst 2006, 131, 1273–1278. | eng |
| dcterms.references | Damour, P.L.; Freedman, A.; Wormhoudt, J. Knudsen Effusion Measurement of Organic Peroxide Vapor Pressures. Propellants Explos. Pyrotech. 2010, 35, 514–520. | eng |
| dcterms.references | Felix-Rivera, H.; Ramirez-Cedeño, M.L.; Sanchez-Cuprill, R.A.; Hernandez-Rivera, S.P. Triacetone triperoxide thermogravimetric study of vapor pressure and enthalpy of sublimation in 303–338 K temperature range. Thermochim. Acta 2011, 514, 37–43. | eng |
| dcterms.references | Oxley, J.C.; Smith, J.L.; Shinde, K.; Moran, J. Determination of the Vapor Density of Triacetone Triperoxide (TATP) Using a Gas Chromatography Headspace Technique. Propellants Explos. Pyrotech. 2005, 30, 127–130. | eng |
| dcterms.references | Oxley, J.C.; Smith, J.L.; Luo, W.; Brady, J. Determining the Vapor Pressures of Diacetone Diperoxide (DADP) and Hexamethylene Triperoxide Diamine (HMTD). Propellants Explos. Pyrotech. 2009, 34, 539–543. | eng |
| dcterms.references | Dunayevskiy, I.; Tsekoun, A.; Prasanna, M.; Go, R.; Patel, C.K.N. High-sensitivity detection of triacetone triperoxide (TATP) and its precursor acetone. Appl. Opt. 2007, 46, 6397–6404. | eng |
| dcterms.references | Espinosa-Fuentes, E.; Castro-Suarez, J.; Meza-Payares, D.; Pacheco-Londono, L.; Hernández-Rivera, S. Sublimation enthalpy of homemade peroxide explosives using a theoretically supported nonlinear equation. J. Therm. Anal. Calorim. 2015, 119, 681–688. | eng |
| dcterms.references | Harris, N.J.; Lammertsma, K. Ab Initio Density Functional Computations of Conformations and Bond Dissociation Energies for Hexahydro-1,3,5-trinitro-1,3,5-triazine. J. Am. Chem. Soc. 1997, 119, 6583–6589. | eng |
| dcterms.references | Rice, B.M.; Chabalowski, C.F. Ab Initio and Nonlocal Density Functional Study of 1,3,5-Trinitro-s-triazine (RDX) Conformers. J. Phys. Chem. A 1997, 101, 8720–8726. | eng |
| dcterms.references | Vladimiroff, T.; Rice, B.M. Reinvestigation of the Gas-Phase Structure of RDX Using Density Functional Theory Predictions of Electron-Scattering Intensities. J. Phys. Chem. A 2002, 106, 10437–10443. | eng |
| dcterms.references | Lenchitz, C.; Velicky, R.W. Vapor pressure and heat of sublimation of three nitrotoluenes. J. Chem. Eng. Data 1970, 15, 401–403. | eng |
| dcterms.references | Pella, P.A. Generator for producing trace vapor concentrations of 2,4,6-trinitrotoluene, 2,4-dinitrotoluene, and ethylene glycol dinitrate for calibrating explosives vapor detectors. Anal. Chem. 1976, 48, 1632–1637. | eng |
| dcterms.references | Lenchitz, C.; Velicky, R.W.; Silvestro, G.; Schlosberg, L.P. Thermodynamic properties of several nitrotoluenes. J. Chem. Thermodyn. 1971, 3, 689–692. | eng |
| dcterms.references | Edwards, G. The vapour pressure of 2 : 4 : 6-trinitrotoluene. Trans. Faraday Soc. 1950, 46, 423–427. | eng |
| dcterms.references | Dionne, B.C.; Rounbehler, D.P.; Achter, E.K.; Hobbs, J.R.; Fine, D.H. Vapor pressure of explosives. J. Energ. Mater. 1986, 4, 447–472. | eng |
| dcterms.references | Gershanik, A.P.; Zeiri, Y. Sublimation Rate of TNT Microcrystals in Air. J. Phys. Chem. A 2010, 114, 12403–12410. | eng |
| dcterms.references | Eiceman, G.A.; Preston, D.; Tiano, G.; Rodriguez, J.; Parmeter, J.E. Quantitative calibration of vapor levels of TNT, RDX, and PETN using a diffusion generator with gravimetry and ion mobility spectrometry. Talanta 1997, 45, 57–74. | eng |
| dcterms.references | Leggett, D.C. Vapor pressure of 2,4,6-trinitrotoluene by a gas chromatographic headspace technique. J. Chromatogr. A 1977, 133, 83–90. | eng |
| dcterms.references | Hikal,W.M.;Weeks, B.L. Sublimation kinetics and diffusion coefficients of TNT, PETN, and RDX in air by thermogravimetry. Talanta 2014, 125, 24–28. | eng |
| dcterms.references | Hikal, W.M.; Paden, J.T.; Weeks, B.L. Thermo-optical determination of vapor pressures of TNT and RDX nanofilms. Talanta 2011, 87, 290–294. | eng |
| dcterms.references | Mu, R.; Ueda, A.; Liu, Y.C.;Wu, M.; Henderson, D.O.; Lareau, R.T.; Chamberlain, R.T. Effects of interfacial interaction potential on the sublimation rates of TNT films on a silica surface examined by QCM and AFM techniques. Surf. Sci. 2003, 530, L293–L296. | eng |
| dcterms.references | Chickos, J.S.; Acree, W.E. Enthalpies of Sublimation of Organic and Organometallic Compounds. 1910–2001. J. Phys. Chem. Ref. Data 2002, 31, 537–698. | eng |
| dcterms.references | Cundall, R.B.; Frank Palmer, T.; Wood, C.E.C. Vapour pressure measurements on some organic high explosives. J. Chem. Soc. Faraday Trans. 1 Phys. Chem. Condens. Phases 1978, 74, 1339–1345. | eng |
| dcterms.references | Pella, P.A. Measurement of the vapor pressures of tnt, 2,4-dnt, 2,6-dnt, and egdn. J. Chem. Thermodyn. 1977, 9, 301–305. | eng |
| dcterms.references | Jones, A.H. Sublimation Pressure Data for Organic Compounds. J. Chem. Eng. Data 1960, 5, 196–200. | eng |
| dcterms.references | Hikal,W.M.;Weeks, B.L. Non-Isothermal Sublimation Kinetics of 2,4,6-Trinitrotoluene (TNT) Nanofilms. Molecules 2019, 24, 1163. | eng |
| dcterms.references | Lee, Y.J.; Weeks, B.L. Investigation of Size-Dependent Sublimation Kinetics of 2,4,6-Trinitrotoluene (TNT) Micro-Islands Using In Situ Atomic ForceMicroscopy.Molecules 2019, 24, 1895. | eng |
| dcterms.references | Rosen, J.M.; Dickinson, C. Vapor pressures and heats of sublimation of some high-melting organic explosives. J. Chem. Eng. Data 1969, 14, 120–124. | eng |
| dcterms.references | Gershanik, A.P.; Zeiri, Y. Sublimation Rate of Energetic Materials in Air: RDX and PETN. Propellants Explos. Pyrotech. 2012, 37, 207–214. | eng |