Comportamiento pro-social en niños de madres adolescentes con embarazos no planeados en la ciudad de Cúcuta
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Fecha
2022
Autores
Delgado Muñoz, Luis Carlos
Alba Díaz, Duvan Gerardo
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Ediciones Universidad Simón Bolívar
Facultad de Ciencias Jurídicas y Sociales
Facultad de Ciencias Jurídicas y Sociales
Resumen
En la actualidad se ha descubierto que el desarrollo comportamental de los niños se puede ver influenciado no solo por el entorno social, cultural y familiar, sino que también estos niños pueden venir predispuestos a contraer múltiples trastornos de conducta y problemas de aprendizaje debido a las diferentes emociones nocivas que llegue a presentar su madre en su periodo de gestación cuando estas están en presencia de un Embarazo No Deseado (END), ya que cuando se habla de END, la madre como tal, tiene gran influencia sobre las emociones que esta le pueda transmitir al bebé, ya que según algunos investigadores en este tema dicen que las emociones tales como: el estrés, ansiedad, miedo, tristeza y preocupación, afectan el líquido amniótico e influyen en el desarrollo del infante afectando a largo plazo su salud mental y comportamental (González, 2017).
Como vemos la madre juega un papel muy importante en el desarrollo como tal del bebé, y en aquellos embarazos donde las madres han tenido un mayor grado de estrés o de ansiedad, los niños han tenido mayores problemas de hiperactividad y han sido más proclives a tener problemas de conducta, ansiedad y problemas en el aprendizaje (González, 2017). Esto es debido a que, según otros estudios, el estado emocional de la madre influirá en las emociones que perciba él bebe, y estas quedarán en su memoria, afectando también su personalidad y su comportamiento, ya que la placenta que protege al bebé, evita que se filtren neurotransmisores y hormonas toxicas para su desarrollo, entre ellas están el cortisol y las catecolaminas, que son el resultado del estrés, angustia y miedo severo que presente la madre (B., 2016). Por ende, la conducta Pro-social es importante que la adquieran los niños a temprana edad, ya que sin ella pueden generar conductas anti-sociales y desadaptativas que pueden empezar en los niños mediante agresiones físicas o verbales, creando también que empiecen a aislarse de los compañeros, a estar solos y a no relacionarse adecuadamente con ellos.
Así mismo, estudios internacionales muestran que aproximadamente un tercio de las embarazadas padece de depresión durante la etapa de gestación, además se observa que las mujeres que desarrollan un cuadro depresivo durante el embarazo tienen mayor posibilidad de mantenerlo después de nacido él bebé, la literatura demuestra que la depresión durante el embarazo constituye un problema de salud especialmente relevante, ya que no solo afecta a la madre, sino también al bebé, quien describe efectos adversos en el desarrollo infantil a nivel biológico, cognitivo, comportamental y físico, (Olhaberry et al., 2015).
Antecedentes: Investigación realizada en Praga, Republica Checa, por Henry P. David (2006), para probar la hipótesis de los profesionales de la salud mental que sostienen que al nacer sin ser deseado acarrea un riesgo de desarrollo psicosocial negativo y salud mental deficiente en la adultez.
Objetivos: Analizar y describir el desarrollo de habilidades Pro-sociales en niños de madres adolescentes con embarazos no deseados
Materiales y Métodos: Cuestionario de comportamiento pro-social infantil (CPBQ) y encuesta estructurada tipo Sampieri, sobre Factores que influyen en el embarazo adolescente
Resultados: Es posible que algunas madres y padres no quieran un hijo en un momento dado de la vida. Y puede ser así por muchos motivos, desde la edad temprana a la que se produce el embarazo hasta problemas económicos. Si una gestación tiene lugar en esas condiciones, solo existen dos alternativas: o esos padres reprimen, sin éxito, su rechazo al nuevo ser; o entran en un proceso de replanteamiento de sus expectativas y logran construir un deseo, en función de nuevos afectos que se despiertan. En primer lugar, debemos ser conscientes y responsables cuando mantenemos relaciones sexuales.
Conclusiones: Ahora, como recomendación de profundización según Mejías (2011), nacemos con capacidad para la compasión, abnegación, generosidad y la empatía. Lo que configura nuestros comportamientos son los factores ambientales y las experiencias vividas, lo aprendido por imitación y modelamiento, junto con las características propias de cada individuo. Si desde la infancia se nos enseña a ser generosos, pensar en los otros, comprender, respetar, ser tolerantes; desarrollaremos actitudes positivas y resultará poco probable maltratar a los demás. Se ha demostrado la influencia que tiene el modelamiento en el aprendizaje y la práctica de conductas pro-sociales. Una investigación realizada con niños y niñas de primaria concluyó que éstos ejecutaban conductas pro sociales luego de observar directamente cómo algunos adultos realizaban acciones como poner juguetes o dinero en una caja destinada a “niños de embarazos no deseados”.
La investigación ha documentado que los estudiantes pro-sociales son asertivos, saben escuchar activamente, buscan los momentos adecuados para solucionar y mediar conflictos, auto controlan adecuadamente sus emociones, siguen normas, son tolerantes, solidarios, trabajan en equipos, ayuda, está conectada y saben cooperar; además practican la empatía. Todas estas habilidades tienen un impacto favorable en su autoestima y en el establecimiento de relaciones armoniosas.
Currently it has been discovered that the behavioral development of children can be influenced not only by the social, cultural and family environment, but also that these children may be predisposed to contract multiple behavioral disorders and learning problems due to the different harmful emotions that their mother may present during their gestation period when they are in the presence of an Unwanted Pregnancy (END), When talking about END, the mother as such, has a great influence on the emotions that she can transmit to the baby, since according to some researchers on this subject say that emotions such as: stress, anxiety, fear, sadness and worry, affect the amniotic fluid and influence the development of the infant affecting in the long term its mental and behavioral health (González, 2017). As we see the mother plays a very important role in the development as such of the baby, and in those pregnancies where mothers have had a higher degree of stress or anxiety, children have had greater hyperactivity problems and have been more prone to have behavioral problems, anxiety and problems in learning (Gonzalez, 2017). This is because, according to other studies, the emotional state of the mother will influence the emotions perceived by the baby, and these will remain in his memory, also affecting his personality and behavior, since the placenta that protects the baby, prevents neurotransmitters and toxic hormones for its development, among them are cortisol and catecholamines, which are the result of stress, anguish and severe fear that the mother presents (B., 2016). Therefore, it is important for children to acquire pro-social behavior at an early age, since without it they can generate anti-social and maladaptive behaviors that can begin in children through physical or verbal aggression, also creating that they begin to isolate themselves from peers, to be alone and not to relate properly with them. Likewise, international studies show that approximately one third of pregnant women suffer from depression during pregnancy, it is also observed that women who develop a depressive condition during pregnancy are more likely to maintain it after the baby is born, the literature shows that depression during pregnancy is a particularly relevant health problem, since it not only affects the mother, but also the baby, who describes adverse effects on child development at the biological, cognitive, behavioral and physical level, (Olhaberry et al., 2015). Background: Research conducted in Prague, Czech Republic, by Henry P. David (2006), to test the hypothesis of mental health professionals that being born unwanted carries a risk of negative psychosocial development and poor mental health in adulthood. Objective: To analyze and describe the development of pro-social skills in children of adolescent mothers with unwanted pregnancies. Materials and Methods: Child Pro-social Behavior Questionnaire (CPBQ) and Sampieri-type structured survey on Factors influencing teenage pregnancy. Results: Some mothers and fathers may not want a child at a certain point in life. And this may be so for many reasons, from the early age at which pregnancy occurs to economic problems. If a gestation takes place under these conditions, there are only two alternatives: either these parents repress, unsuccessfully, their rejection of the new being; or they enter into a process of rethinking their expectations and manage to build a desire, based on new affections that are awakened. First of all, we must be conscious and responsible when we have sexual relations. Conclusions: Now, as a recommendation for further study according to Megías (2011), we are born with the capacity for compassion, selflessness, generosity and empathy. What shapes our behaviors are environmental factors and lived experiences, what we learn by imitation and modeling, together with the characteristics of each individual. If we are taught from childhood to be generous, to think of others, to understand, to respect, to be tolerant; we will develop positive attitudes and it will be unlikely to mistreat others. The influence of modeling in the learning and practice of pro-social behaviors has been demonstrated. Research conducted with elementary school children concluded that they engaged in pro-social behaviors after directly observing adults perform actions such as putting toys or money in a box for "children of unwanted pregnancies". Research has documented that pro-social students are assertive, know how to listen actively, look for the right moments to solve and mediate conflicts, adequately self-control their emotions, follow rules, are tolerant, supportive, work in teams, help, are connected and know how to cooperate; they also practice empathy. All these skills have a favorable impact on their self-esteem and the establishment of harmonious relationships.
Currently it has been discovered that the behavioral development of children can be influenced not only by the social, cultural and family environment, but also that these children may be predisposed to contract multiple behavioral disorders and learning problems due to the different harmful emotions that their mother may present during their gestation period when they are in the presence of an Unwanted Pregnancy (END), When talking about END, the mother as such, has a great influence on the emotions that she can transmit to the baby, since according to some researchers on this subject say that emotions such as: stress, anxiety, fear, sadness and worry, affect the amniotic fluid and influence the development of the infant affecting in the long term its mental and behavioral health (González, 2017). As we see the mother plays a very important role in the development as such of the baby, and in those pregnancies where mothers have had a higher degree of stress or anxiety, children have had greater hyperactivity problems and have been more prone to have behavioral problems, anxiety and problems in learning (Gonzalez, 2017). This is because, according to other studies, the emotional state of the mother will influence the emotions perceived by the baby, and these will remain in his memory, also affecting his personality and behavior, since the placenta that protects the baby, prevents neurotransmitters and toxic hormones for its development, among them are cortisol and catecholamines, which are the result of stress, anguish and severe fear that the mother presents (B., 2016). Therefore, it is important for children to acquire pro-social behavior at an early age, since without it they can generate anti-social and maladaptive behaviors that can begin in children through physical or verbal aggression, also creating that they begin to isolate themselves from peers, to be alone and not to relate properly with them. Likewise, international studies show that approximately one third of pregnant women suffer from depression during pregnancy, it is also observed that women who develop a depressive condition during pregnancy are more likely to maintain it after the baby is born, the literature shows that depression during pregnancy is a particularly relevant health problem, since it not only affects the mother, but also the baby, who describes adverse effects on child development at the biological, cognitive, behavioral and physical level, (Olhaberry et al., 2015). Background: Research conducted in Prague, Czech Republic, by Henry P. David (2006), to test the hypothesis of mental health professionals that being born unwanted carries a risk of negative psychosocial development and poor mental health in adulthood. Objective: To analyze and describe the development of pro-social skills in children of adolescent mothers with unwanted pregnancies. Materials and Methods: Child Pro-social Behavior Questionnaire (CPBQ) and Sampieri-type structured survey on Factors influencing teenage pregnancy. Results: Some mothers and fathers may not want a child at a certain point in life. And this may be so for many reasons, from the early age at which pregnancy occurs to economic problems. If a gestation takes place under these conditions, there are only two alternatives: either these parents repress, unsuccessfully, their rejection of the new being; or they enter into a process of rethinking their expectations and manage to build a desire, based on new affections that are awakened. First of all, we must be conscious and responsible when we have sexual relations. Conclusions: Now, as a recommendation for further study according to Megías (2011), we are born with the capacity for compassion, selflessness, generosity and empathy. What shapes our behaviors are environmental factors and lived experiences, what we learn by imitation and modeling, together with the characteristics of each individual. If we are taught from childhood to be generous, to think of others, to understand, to respect, to be tolerant; we will develop positive attitudes and it will be unlikely to mistreat others. The influence of modeling in the learning and practice of pro-social behaviors has been demonstrated. Research conducted with elementary school children concluded that they engaged in pro-social behaviors after directly observing adults perform actions such as putting toys or money in a box for "children of unwanted pregnancies". Research has documented that pro-social students are assertive, know how to listen actively, look for the right moments to solve and mediate conflicts, adequately self-control their emotions, follow rules, are tolerant, supportive, work in teams, help, are connected and know how to cooperate; they also practice empathy. All these skills have a favorable impact on their self-esteem and the establishment of harmonious relationships.
Descripción
Palabras clave
Embarazos no deseados, Madres adolescentes, Conductas pro-sociales, Niños, Unwanted pregnancies, Teenage mothers, Pro-social behaviors, Children
