Sarcopenia en personas mayores no institucionalizados
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Fecha
2023
Autores
García Jiménez , Ana Sofia
Martínez Pérez , Antonio
Quintero Molina, Luz Shirley
Romero Ojeda , Karla Paola
Zúñiga Surmay , Stephany
Badel Medina, Nadim Michelle
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Ediciones Universidad Simón Bolívar
Facultad Ciencias de la Salud
Facultad Ciencias de la Salud
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Introducción: El envejecimiento es un proceso natural que impacta la calidad de vida de las personas mayores. Uno de los cambios que se presenta en el envejecimiento es la composición corporal, específicamente en los tejidos musculares. Epidemiológicamente la sarcopenia prevalece más en ancianos, a nivel mundial predomina del 5% al 13% en las personas de 60 a 70 años, y en los mayores de 80 años u octogenarios alcanza un porcentaje más alto, llegando incluso hasta un 50%. Según la Organización Mundial de la Salud (OMS), en al año 2000 existían cerca de 600 millones de personas mayores de 60 años y esta cifra aumentará a 1.200 millones para el año 2025. Estimaciones basadas en la prevalencia de la sarcopenia y la población desde la OMS, sugieren que la sarcopenia afecta a más de 50 millones de personas en la actualidad y afectará a más de 200 millones de personas en los próximos 40 años. Objetivo general: Determinar la prevalencia de sarcopenia en personas mayores no institucionalizadas. Metodología: El presente estudio se desarrolló bajo el paradigma cuantitativo, de tipo descriptivo de corte transversal. La población del macroproyecto está constituida por 167.993 adultos mayores de 60 años residentes en Barranquilla según proyecciones del DANE al año 2020. La muestra se calculó en 322 personas teniendo en cuenta una prevalencia de sarcopenia del 15%, un poder del 80%, un IC del 95% y un error del 5%. La muestra se obtuvo de forma no probabilística y por conveniencia a partir de los contactos de los investigadores y se distribuyó equitativamente en cada localidad de la ciudad teniendo en cuenta el barrio de los sujetos. Para la presente investigación la muestra es de 192 personas de tres localidades: Norte centro histórico, sur oriente y sur occidente. En el estudio se incluyeron las personas mayores de 60 años, que vivían en Barranquilla y aceptaron participar en el estudio, se excluyeron las personas cuyas encuestas estaban incompletas. La fuente de información corresponde a las encuestas aplicadas a las personas mayores directamente o diligenciadas por algún familiar o cuidador. Para la recolección de la información se utilizó una encuesta sobre los aspectos relevantes de las variables sociodemográficas y de salud diseñada por los investigadores, para determinar la sarcopenia se utilizó el cuestionario SARC-F y circunferencia de pantorrilla. El instrumento se realizó en Microsoft form, por lo cual el diligenciamiento fue de forma gratuita y fácil. La información obtenida de las encuestas se organizó en el programa Excel, seguidamente se procesó en el software SPSS versión 24 con licencia de la universidad Simón Bolívar. Las variables categóricas se presentan en frecuencias absolutas y relativas, para determinar la relación entre las variables de estudio se utilizó el Chi 2. Según el Artículo 11 de la Resolución 8430 de 1993 del Ministerio de Salud de Colombia esta investigación se considera con riesgo mínimo, ya que se aplicó una encuesta virtual y medidas como la circunferencia de pantorrilla. Resultados: Según los resultados en la muestra estudiada, es más frecuente en el sexo femenino con 51,3%, la edad de mayor frecuencia está en el rango de 60-69 años con 54,0%, la mayoría de las personas tienen pareja con 59,9% y el estrato social más frecuente fue el bajo con 89,3%. En la variable localidad la mayoría de las personas se encuentran en la Norte centro histórico con el 34,2%, en cuanto a la escolaridad el 51,3% solo cursaron primaria, y en el IMC es más frecuente el sobre peso en personas mayores con un 46%. Entre los antecedentes personales el de mayor frecuencia es la patología en el sistema cardiovascular y respiratorio con el 26,7%, seguido del sistema músculo esquelético 10,2%, además, el 10,7% de las personas tienen 2 o más sistemas afectados. Según el SARC-F en el ítem de fuerza el 63,6 % no presenta dificultad para cargar 4,5 kg, el 76,5% no tiene dificultad para cruzar caminando un cuarto, el 68,4% no tiene dificultad para levantarse de una silla o cama, el 55,1 no tiene dificultad para subir escalones y el 71,7% no ha sufrido de caídas. La prevalencia de sarcopenia según el SARC-F fue de 73,8% y según el perímetro de pantorrilla fue de 51,3%. Se observa que hay relación significativa entre la presencia de sarcopenia y la edad con una p=0,000, en cuanto al sexo, IMC y estado civil no se encontró relación significativa, así mismo se encontró significancia estadística entre sarcopenia y la localidad en que viven las personas mayores encuestadas con una p=0,02. Conclusiones: Se evidenció una frecuencia de screening positivo de sarcopenia un poco más alta que la reportada por los autores consultados. Se encontró asociación con la edad el IMC y localidad de residencia. Se recomienda evaluar sarcopenia en edades tempranas para evitar un aumento en la incidencia de esta durante la vejez.
Introduction: Aging is a natural process that impacts the quality of life of the elderly. One of the changes that occurs in aging is body composition, specifically in muscle tissue. Epidemiologically, sarcopenia is more prevalent in the elderly, globally it predominates from 5% to 13% in people between 60 and 70 years of age, and in those over 80 or octogenarians it reaches a higher percentage, even reaching 50%. According to the World Health Organization (WHO), in the year 2000 there were close to 600 million people over 60 years of age and this figure will increase to 1.2 billion by the year 2025. Estimates based on the prevalence of sarcopenia and the population since WHO, suggest that sarcopenia affects more than 50 million people today and will affect more than 200 million people in the next 40 years. General objective: To determine the prevalence of sarcopenia in non-institutionalized older people. Methodology: The present study was developed under the quantitative paradigm, of a descriptive cross-sectional type. The population of the macroproject is made up of 167,993 adults over 60 years of age residing in Barranquilla according to DANE projections for the year 2020. The sample was calculated at 322 people taking into account a prevalence of sarcopenia of 15%, a power of 80%, a CI of 95% and an error of 5%. The sample was obtained in a non-probabilistic way and for convenience from the contacts of the researchers and it was equally distributed in each locality of the city taking into account the neighborhood of the subjects. For the present investigation, the sample is 192 people from three locations: North of the historic center, South East and South West. The study included people over 60 years of age, who lived in Barranquilla and agreed to participate in the study, people whose surveys were incomplete were excluded. The source of information corresponds to the surveys applied to the elderly directly or completed by a family member or caregiver. To collect the information, a survey was used on the relevant aspects of the sociodemographic and health variables designed by the researchers. To determine sarcopenia, the SARC-F questionnaire and calf circumference were used. The instrument was carried out in Microsoft form, for which the completion was free and easy. The information obtained from the surveys was organized in the Excel program, then processed in the SPSS version 24 software licensed by the Simón Bolívar University. The categorical variables are presented in absolute and relative frequencies. Chi 2 was used to determine the relationship between the study variables. According to Article 11 of Resolution 8430 of 1993 of the Colombian Ministry of Health, this research is considered to have minimal risk, since a virtual survey and measurements such as calf circumference were applied. Results: According to the results in the sample studied, it is more frequent in the female sex with 51.3%, the age with the highest frequency is in the range of 60-69 years with 54.0%, the majority of people have a partner. with 59.9% and the most frequent social stratum was low with 89.3%. In the locality variable, most of the people are in the north of the historic center with 34.2%, in terms of schooling, 51.3% only attended primary school, and in BMI, overweight is more frequent in older people with 46%. Among the personal history, the most frequent is pathology in the cardiovascular and respiratory system with 26.7%, followed by the musculoskeletal system with 10.2%, in addition, 10.7% of people have 2 or more affected systems.. According to the SARC-F in the strength item, 63.6% do not have difficulty loading 4.5 kg, 76.5% do not have difficulty walking across a room, 68.4% do not have difficulty getting up from a chair or bed, 55.1 have no difficulty climbing steps and 71.7% have not suffered from falls. The prevalence of sarcopenia according to the SARC-F was 73.8% and according to the calf circumference it was 51.3%. It is observed that there is a significant relationship between the presence of sarcopenia and age with a p = 0.000, in terms of sex, BMI and marital status no significant relationship was found, likewise statistical significance was found between sarcopenia and the town in which the women live. elderly people surveyed with a p=0.02. Conclusions: There was evidence of a slightly higher frequency of positive screening for sarcopenia than that reported by the consulted authors. An association was found with age, BMI and place of residence. It is recommended to evaluate sarcopenia at an early age to avoid an increase in its incidence during old age.
Introduction: Aging is a natural process that impacts the quality of life of the elderly. One of the changes that occurs in aging is body composition, specifically in muscle tissue. Epidemiologically, sarcopenia is more prevalent in the elderly, globally it predominates from 5% to 13% in people between 60 and 70 years of age, and in those over 80 or octogenarians it reaches a higher percentage, even reaching 50%. According to the World Health Organization (WHO), in the year 2000 there were close to 600 million people over 60 years of age and this figure will increase to 1.2 billion by the year 2025. Estimates based on the prevalence of sarcopenia and the population since WHO, suggest that sarcopenia affects more than 50 million people today and will affect more than 200 million people in the next 40 years. General objective: To determine the prevalence of sarcopenia in non-institutionalized older people. Methodology: The present study was developed under the quantitative paradigm, of a descriptive cross-sectional type. The population of the macroproject is made up of 167,993 adults over 60 years of age residing in Barranquilla according to DANE projections for the year 2020. The sample was calculated at 322 people taking into account a prevalence of sarcopenia of 15%, a power of 80%, a CI of 95% and an error of 5%. The sample was obtained in a non-probabilistic way and for convenience from the contacts of the researchers and it was equally distributed in each locality of the city taking into account the neighborhood of the subjects. For the present investigation, the sample is 192 people from three locations: North of the historic center, South East and South West. The study included people over 60 years of age, who lived in Barranquilla and agreed to participate in the study, people whose surveys were incomplete were excluded. The source of information corresponds to the surveys applied to the elderly directly or completed by a family member or caregiver. To collect the information, a survey was used on the relevant aspects of the sociodemographic and health variables designed by the researchers. To determine sarcopenia, the SARC-F questionnaire and calf circumference were used. The instrument was carried out in Microsoft form, for which the completion was free and easy. The information obtained from the surveys was organized in the Excel program, then processed in the SPSS version 24 software licensed by the Simón Bolívar University. The categorical variables are presented in absolute and relative frequencies. Chi 2 was used to determine the relationship between the study variables. According to Article 11 of Resolution 8430 of 1993 of the Colombian Ministry of Health, this research is considered to have minimal risk, since a virtual survey and measurements such as calf circumference were applied. Results: According to the results in the sample studied, it is more frequent in the female sex with 51.3%, the age with the highest frequency is in the range of 60-69 years with 54.0%, the majority of people have a partner. with 59.9% and the most frequent social stratum was low with 89.3%. In the locality variable, most of the people are in the north of the historic center with 34.2%, in terms of schooling, 51.3% only attended primary school, and in BMI, overweight is more frequent in older people with 46%. Among the personal history, the most frequent is pathology in the cardiovascular and respiratory system with 26.7%, followed by the musculoskeletal system with 10.2%, in addition, 10.7% of people have 2 or more affected systems.. According to the SARC-F in the strength item, 63.6% do not have difficulty loading 4.5 kg, 76.5% do not have difficulty walking across a room, 68.4% do not have difficulty getting up from a chair or bed, 55.1 have no difficulty climbing steps and 71.7% have not suffered from falls. The prevalence of sarcopenia according to the SARC-F was 73.8% and according to the calf circumference it was 51.3%. It is observed that there is a significant relationship between the presence of sarcopenia and age with a p = 0.000, in terms of sex, BMI and marital status no significant relationship was found, likewise statistical significance was found between sarcopenia and the town in which the women live. elderly people surveyed with a p=0.02. Conclusions: There was evidence of a slightly higher frequency of positive screening for sarcopenia than that reported by the consulted authors. An association was found with age, BMI and place of residence. It is recommended to evaluate sarcopenia at an early age to avoid an increase in its incidence during old age.
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Palabras clave
Sarcopenia, Obesidad, Marcha, Fuerza muscular