Estudio piloto: deterioro cognitivo leve en sujetos post Covid-19 en la ciudad de Barranquilla
| datacite.rights | http://purl.org/coar/access_right/c_f1cf | |
| dc.contributor.advisor | Puentes Rozo, Pedro Julio | |
| dc.contributor.author | Brochero Páez, Juliett Patricia | |
| dc.contributor.author | Saltarín Gazabón, Sandra Marcela | |
| dc.date.accessioned | 2025-11-11T15:21:36Z | |
| dc.date.available | 2025-11-11T15:21:36Z | |
| dc.date.issued | 2025 | |
| dc.description.abstract | El presente estudio piloto tuvo como propósito caracterizar el funcionamiento neuropsicológico e identificar la presencia de deterioro cognitivo leve (DCL) en sujetos post Covid-19 residentes en la ciudad de Barranquilla. El trabajo surge ante la creciente evidencia internacional sobre las secuelas cognitivas del virus SARS-CoV-2, particularmente aquellas que afectan la memoria, la atención y las funciones ejecutivas, así como la escasez de investigaciones locales que aborden esta problemática en población colombiana. Se aplicó un diseño descriptivo comparativo con enfoque cuantitativo, que incluyó dos grupos: personas con antecedente de Covid-19 y un grupo control sin dicho antecedente. A todos los participantes se les aplicaron pruebas neuropsicológicas estandarizadas y escalas complementarias, entre ellas el Montreal Cognitive Assessment (MoCA), la Escala de Inteligencia de Wechsler para Adultos (WAIS- IV) y un Protocolo de Evaluación Neuropsicológica que evaluó dominios como atención, memoria, lenguaje, funciones ejecutivas y praxias. El estudio se fundamenta teóricamente en los criterios de Petersen para la definición del DCL, entendido como una fase intermedia entre el envejecimiento normal y la demencia, caracterizada por quejas subjetivas de fallas cognitivas y evidencias objetivas de déficit, sin que exista una afectación significativa de la funcionalidad global. Desde este marco, la investigación analizó las alteraciones cognitivas presentes en sujetos recuperados de Covid-19, destacando su posible relación con procesos inflamatorios, hipoxia cerebral y afectación neurovascular. En cuanto a los antecedentes empíricos, el estudio revisó investigaciones internacionales que han documentado deterioros cognitivos persistentes posteriores al Covid-19. Entre ellos, Miskowiak et al. (2021) reportaron que el 65% de los pacientes evaluados presentaban déficit cognitivo global tres meses después del alta hospitalaria; Negrini et al. (2021) observaron alteraciones en atención, memoria y lenguaje en pacientes post UCI; y Frontera et al. (2022) hallaron biomarcadores neurodegenerativos elevados comparables a los de pacientes con Alzheimer. En el contexto latinoamericano, Villena (2023) y Naranjo Guada et al. (2023) destacaron la relación entre la calidad del sueño, la reserva cognitiva y el deterioro cognitivo post Covid, enfatizando la importancia de programas de estimulación cognitiva. La metodología del presente estudio incluyó una muestra por conveniencia de participantes entre 20 y 45 años, con al menos 11 años de escolaridad y diagnóstico confirmado de Covid-19 entre 2020 y 2021. Se excluyeron individuos con antecedentes neurológicos o psiquiátricos previos. La recolección de datos se desarrolló en dos sesiones: la primera dedicada al consentimiento informado y la historia clínica, y la segunda a la aplicación de pruebas cognitivas. Los datos se analizaron mediante estadísticos descriptivos e inferenciales. Dado que la prueba de Kolmogorov-Smirnov reveló que la mayoría de las variables no seguían una distribución normal, se emplearon pruebas no paramétricas como la U de Mann- Whitney. Los resultados mostraron que el dominio de la memoria fue el más afectado dentro del grupo post Covid-19, mientras que la atención, el lenguaje y las praxias se mantuvieron en niveles normales. En la prueba MoCA, varios participantes presentaron puntuaciones inferiores al punto de corte de 26, lo que sugiere la presencia de alteraciones cognitivas leves, aunque no suficientes para establecer un diagnóstico clínico de DCL. Estos hallazgos concuerdan con estudios internacionales que describen un patrón de afectación mnésica y ejecutiva, incluso en pacientes que no requirieron hospitalización. El análisis de las pruebas neuropsicológicas evidenció que, si bien las alteraciones no alcanzan niveles severos, existen déficits focales que podrían evolucionar hacia cuadros de deterioro más marcados si no se intervienen oportunamente. De igual modo, se identificaron correlaciones entre las quejas subjetivas de memoria y los puntajes obtenidos en las pruebas objetivas, lo que refuerza la necesidad de monitoreo clínico y seguimiento longitudinal. En la discusión, se plantea que las alteraciones cognitivas post Covid-19 pueden explicarse por múltiples mecanismos fisiopatológicos, entre ellos la hipoxia, la neuroinflamación y el daño endotelial, que afectan la conectividad funcional cerebral. Asimismo, se resalta que el impacto psicológico del confinamiento y el estrés postraumático pueden contribuir al agravamiento de los síntomas cognitivos. El estudio coincide con autores como Hurtado y Koralnik (2024), quienes encontraron alteraciones estructurales y funcionales en regiones asociadas con memoria, atención y funciones ejecutivas, persistentes hasta tres años después de la infección. En términos de implicaciones clínicas, los resultados subrayan la necesidad de implementar programas de evaluación neuropsicológica sistemática en pacientes post Covid-19, con el fin de detectar tempranamente alteraciones cognitivas sutiles y diseñar estrategias de rehabilitación cognitiva personalizadas. También se destaca la importancia de integrar estos hallazgos en políticas de salud pública orientadas a la atención integral del síndrome post-Covid. Finalmente, el estudio concluye que el Covid-19 puede asociarse con alteraciones cognitivas leves, focalizadas principalmente en la memoria, que impactan la funcionalidad cotidiana y el bienestar psicológico de los pacientes. Aunque estas alteraciones no constituyen un deterioro clínico severo, representan una alerta temprana sobre posibles consecuencias neuropsicológicas de la infección. Los autores recomiendan continuar con investigaciones de tipo longitudinal y con muestras más amplias que permitan determinar la evolución de estas secuelas a lo largo del tiempo. En suma, este trabajo aporta evidencia local valiosa para la comprensión del deterioro cognitivo post Covid-19 en población joven y adulta de Barranquilla. Además, promueve la importancia de fortalecer la evaluación y rehabilitación neuropsicológica como componentes esenciales en la recuperación integral de los pacientes afectados por el virus. | spa |
| dc.description.abstract | This pilot study aimed to characterize neuropsychological functioning and identify the presence of mild cognitive impairment (MCI) in post–COVID-19 subjects residing in the city of Barranquilla. The research arises from growing international evidence regarding the cognitive sequelae associated with the SARS-CoV-2 virus—particularly those affecting memory, attention, and executive functions—as well as from the lack of local studies addressing this problem in the Colombian population. A quantitative descriptive–comparative design was implemented, including two groups: individuals with a history of COVID-19 and a control group without such history. All participants were administered standardized neuropsychological tests and complementary scales, such as the Montreal Cognitive Assessment (MoCA), the Wechsler Adult Intelligence Scale – Fourth Edition (WAIS-IV), and a Neuropsychological Assessment Protocol covering domains of attention, memory, language, executive functions, and praxis. The study was theoretically grounded on Petersen’s criteria for the definition of MCI, understood as an intermediate phase between normal aging and dementia, characterized by subjective complaints of cognitive failures and objective evidence of deficits, without significant impairment of overall functionality. From this perspective, the research analyzed cognitive alterations in individuals recovered from COVID-19, emphasizing their potential relationship with inflammatory processes, cerebral hypoxia, and neurovascular involvement. Regarding the empirical background, the study reviewed international research documenting persistent cognitive impairments following COVID-19. For instance, Miskowiak et al. (2021) reported that 65 % of patients exhibited global cognitive deficits three months after hospital discharge; Negrini et al. (2021) observed impairments in attention, memory, and language among post-ICU patients; and Frontera et al. (2022) identified elevated neurodegenerative biomarkers comparable to those seen in Alzheimer’s disease. In Latin America, Villena (2023) and Naranjo Guada et al. (2023) highlighted associations between sleep quality, cognitive reserve, and post-COVID cognitive decline, stressing the need for cognitive stimulation programs. The study employed a convenience sample of participants aged 20 to 45 years, with at least 11 years of education and a confirmed diagnosis of COVID-19 between 2020 and 2021. Individuals with prior neurological or psychiatric disorders were excluded. Data collection was carried out in two sessions: the first dedicated to informed consent and clinical history, and the second to neuropsychological testing. Data were analyzed using descriptive and inferential statistics. Since the Kolmogorov–Smirnov test revealed that most variables did not follow a normal distribution, nonparametric tests such as the Mann–Whitney U were applied. The results indicated that the memory domain was the most affected among post- COVID-19 participants, whereas attention, language, and praxis remained within normal levels. In the MoCA, several participants scored below the cutoff point of 26, suggesting the presence of mild cognitive alterations, though not sufficient to establish a clinical diagnosis of MCI. These findings align with international studies describing a pattern of memory and executive impairment even in patients who were not hospitalized. The neuropsychological test analysis revealed that although deficits were not severe, there were focal impairments that could progress toward more pronounced deterioration if left unaddressed. Correlations were also identified between subjective memory complaints and objective test scores, reinforcing the need for clinical monitoring and longitudinal follow-up. In the discussion, it is proposed that post-COVID cognitive alterations may be explained by multiple pathophysiological mechanisms, including hypoxia, neuroinflammation, and endothelial damage, all of which affect brain functional connectivity. Furthermore, the psychological impact of confinement and post- traumatic stress may contribute to the worsening of cognitive symptoms. The study’s findings are consistent with those of Hurtado and Koralnik (2024), who reported structural and functional brain alterations in regions associated with memory, attention, and executive functioning that persisted up to three years after infection. From a clinical perspective, these results underscore the need to implement systematic neuropsychological assessments for post-COVID-19 patients to detect subtle cognitive changes early and design personalized cognitive rehabilitation programs. The study also highlights the importance of integrating these findings into public health policies aimed at comprehensive care for post-COVID conditions. In conclusion, COVID-19 can be associated with mild cognitive alterations, primarily affecting memory, which in turn impact daily functioning and psychological well-being. Although these alterations do not yet constitute a severe clinical impairment, they represent an early warning sign of potential neuropsychological consequences of the infection. The authors recommend continuing longitudinal studies with larger samples to determine the evolution of these cognitive sequelae over time. Overall, this research contributes valuable local evidence toward understanding post-COVID cognitive impairment in young and adult populations in Barranquilla. It also emphasizes the importance of strengthening neuropsychological evaluation and rehabilitation as essential components of comprehensive recovery for individuals affected by the virus. | eng |
| dc.format.mimetype | ||
| dc.identifier.uri | https://hdl.handle.net/20.500.12442/17088 | |
| dc.language.iso | eng | |
| dc.publisher | Ediciones Universidad Simón Bolívar | spa |
| dc.publisher | Facultad Ciencias de la Salud | spa |
| dc.rights.accessrights | info:eu-repo/semantics/embargoedAccess | |
| dc.subject | COVID-19 | spa |
| dc.subject | Deterioro cognitivo leve | spa |
| dc.subject | Neuropsicología | spa |
| dc.subject | Funciones cognitivas | spa |
| dc.subject.keywords | COVID-19 | eng |
| dc.subject.keywords | Mild cognitive impairment | eng |
| dc.subject.keywords | Neuropsychology | eng |
| dc.subject.keywords | Cognitive functions | eng |
| dc.title | Estudio piloto: deterioro cognitivo leve en sujetos post Covid-19 en la ciudad de Barranquilla | spa |
| dc.type.driver | info:eu-repo/semantics/masterThesis | |
| dc.type.spa | Trabajo de grado máster | |
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| oaire.version | info:eu-repo/semantics/acceptedVersion | |
| sb.programa | Maestría en Neuropsicología | spa |
| sb.sede | Sede Barranquilla | spa |
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