Garantías de acceso de los migrantes venezolanos a los mecanismos de regularización y flexibilización migratoria establecidos en Colombia en los años 2019 al 2021
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Fecha
2022
Autores
Niño Villamizar, Kelly Geraldine
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Ediciones Universidad Simón Bolívar
Facultad de Ciencias Jurídicas y Sociales
Facultad de Ciencias Jurídicas y Sociales
Resumen
Antecedentes: Desde el año 2015 Colombia se convirtió en uno de los países latinoamericanos a donde decidieron migrar los venezolanos que han salido de su país por la difícil situación económica, política y social que viene enfrentando el mismo, lo cual generó una llegada continua de ciudadanos venezolanos a territorio colombiano, algunos de ellos en situación de tránsito, y otros que eligieron este país como su sitio de residencia. A lo anterior se suma que en su mayoría han migrado de manera ilegal, situación que ha llevado al Estado Colombiano a fijar mecanismos de regularización y flexibilización migratoria desde el año 2019 hasta la fecha.
Objetivos: General: Analizar las garantías de acceso de los migrantes venezolanos a los mecanismos de regularización y flexibilización migratoria establecidos en Colombia en los años 2019 al 2021. Específicos: 1. Examinar los elementos constitucionales y convencionales de garantía de derechos en favor de población migrante; 2. Identificar los mecanismos de flexibilización y regularización migratoria en Colombia; y, 2. Analizar la visión desde el Estatuto Temporal de Protección y su innovación respecto a otros ordenamientos jurídicos (Estados).
Materiales y Métodos: Se trató de un estudio cualitativo, de tipo analítico-descriptivo, que contó con aplicación de la hermenéutica jurídica la cual facilitó el análisis de las normas y jurisprudencia.
Resultados: La Constitución Política de 1991 en el artículo 93 expresa que los tratados y convenios internacionales ratificados por el Congreso de la República prevalecen en el orden interno. El artículo más relevante respecto a los migrantes es el artículo 100º de la Constitución, que reza ¡os extranjeros disfrutarán en Colombia de los mismos derechos civiles que se conceden a los colombianos. No obstante, la ley podrá, por razones de orden público, subordinar a condiciones especiales o negar el ejercicio de determinados derechos civiles a los extranjeros”.
Por lo cual, es indudable que la Constitución Política de 1991 contempla un marco normativo garantista a favor de los derechos de los migrantes que se encuentren en el territorio colombiano.
Por otra parte, la Opinión Consultiva No 18 de 2003 estableció 11 conclusiones, que, desde la proyección del bloque de constitucionalidad plasmado en la jurisprudencia de la Corte Constitucional tiene carácter vinculante en el orden jurídico colombiano y que se analizan de manera específica en el trabajo de investigación, así pues, la Corte Interamericana hace una serie de recomendaciones. Con respecto a el derecho fundamental al debido proceso el cual es una garantía mínima de todos los migrantes, más allá de su condición irregular, también que el Estado debe velar de manera constante para que en el ámbito privado los empleadores no violen el principio de igualdad y no discriminación y asimismo contribuyan a la economía, finalmente los Estados Miembros deben brindar los medios suficientes para que el trabajo sea desarrollado de manera plena y sin atropellos a la dignidad humana independientemente de su condición de migrante.
Los instrumentos o mecanismos que ha implementado el Estado Colombiano para flexibilizar la permanencia de los migrantes venezolanos en territorio colombiano y regularizar su condición. En efecto, con este estudio y análisis se logra comprender la posición institucional sobre la migración, especialmente, desde el rol de Estado Receptor, en el cual durante los años 2015-2020 implementó los siguientes: Permiso Especial de Permanencia – PEP, Permiso Especial Complementario de Permanencia- PECP, Permiso Especial de permanencia para el Fomento de la Formalización – PEPFF, Permiso de Ingreso y Permanencia de Tránsito Temporal PIP-TT. Colombia es el primer país en ampliar el marco de protección de los refugiados connotado en los derechos humanos por parte de las organizaciones internacionales, especialmente, dando plenitud a las disposiciones normativas que tratan el tema, evitando de esta forma la ambigüedad, el cual además de garantizar el acceso a los servicios esenciales les permite obtener un proceso con mayor estabilidad, pues en un periodo de diez (10) años se obtiene la visa de residente, siendo ésta la principal diferencia frente a los anteriores mecanismos de regularización implementados por el Estado Colombiano.
Colombia es hoy un ejemplo de fraternidad, para América Latina y el Caribe al implementar el Estatuto Temporal de Protección ya que su innovación respecto a otros ordenamientos jurídicos, es trascendental; pues, surge como un instrumento que complementa el marco internacional sobre refugiados, logrando de esta manera darle plenitud a los vacíos que presentaba la normativa al respecto. Lo anterior aterrizándolo a la realidad propia del flujo migratorio, ya que, se atendió la capacidad de respuesta institucional y las demandas más apremiantes de los migrantes.
Conclusiones: Las medidas adoptadas por el Estado colombiano reflejan un compromiso institucional a favor de los migrantes en condición irregular, sin desconocer la existencia de situaciones de xenofobia o discriminación presentadas en algunos casos.
Background: Since 2015, Colombia became one of the Latin American countries where Venezuelans who have left their country due to the difficult economic, political and social situation that the country has been facing decided to migrate to, which generated a continuous arrival of Venezuelan citizens to Colombian territory, some of them in transit, and others who chose this country as their place of residence. In addition to the above, most of them have migrated illegally, a situation that has led the Colombian State to establish regularization and migratory flexibility mechanisms since 2019 to date. Objective: General: To analyze the guarantees of access of Venezuelan migrants to the mechanisms of regularization and migratory flexibility established in Colombia in the years 2019 to 2021. To examine the constitutional and conventional elements of guarantee of rights in favor of the migrant population; 2. To identify the mechanisms of flexibility and migratory regularization in Colombia; and, 2. To analyze the vision from the Temporary Statute of Protection and its innovation with respect to other legal systems (States). Materials and Methods: This was a qualitative, analytical-descriptive study, which included the application of legal hermeneutics, which facilitated the analysis of the norms and jurisprudence. Results: Article 93 of the 1991 Political Constitution states that international treaties and agreements ratified by the Congress of the Republic prevail in the internal order. The most relevant article regarding migrants is Article 100 of the Constitution, which states that foreigners shall enjoy in Colombia the same civil rights granted to Colombians. However, the law may, for reasons of public order, subject to special conditions or deny the exercise of certain civil rights to foreigners". Therefore, it is unquestionable that the Political Constitution of 1991 contemplates a normative framework guaranteeing the rights of migrants who are in the Colombian territory. On the other hand, Advisory Opinion No. 18 of 2003 established 11 conclusions, which, from the projection of the block of constitutionality embodied in the jurisprudence of the Constitutional Court has a binding character in the Colombian legal order and which are specifically analyzed in the research work, thus, the Inter-American Court makes a series of recommendations. With respect to the fundamental right to due process, which is a minimum guarantee for all migrants, regardless of their irregular status, and also that the State must constantly ensure that in the private sphere employers do not violate the principle of equality and non-discrimination and also contribute to the economy, finally, Member States must provide sufficient means for the work to be developed fully and without abuse to human dignity regardless of their status as migrants. The instruments or mechanisms implemented by the Colombian State to make the permanence of Venezuelan migrants in Colombian territory more flexible and regularize their status. Indeed, with this study and analysis it is possible to understand the institutional position on migration, especially, from the role of Receiving State, in which during the years 2015-2020 implemented the following: Special Permit to Stay - PEP, Special Complementary Permit to Stay- PECP, Special Permit to Stay for the Promotion of Formalization - PEPFF, Temporary Transit Entry and Stay Permit PIP-TT. Colombia is the first country to expand the framework of protection of refugees connoted in human rights by international organizations, especially, giving fullness to the regulatory provisions dealing with the subject, thus avoiding ambiguity, which in addition to ensuring access to essential services allows them to obtain a process with greater stability, because in a period of ten (10) years the resident visa is obtained, this being the main difference compared to previous regularization mechanisms implemented by the Colombian State. Colombia is today an example of fraternity for Latin America and the Caribbean by implementing the Temporary Protection Statute, since its innovation with respect to other legal systems is transcendental, since it emerges as an instrument that complements the international framework on refugees, thus achieving to give fullness to the gaps in the regulations in this regard. The foregoing was grounded in the reality of the migratory flow, since the institutional response capacity and the most pressing demands of migrants were addressed. Conclusions: The measures adopted by the Colombian State reflect an institutional commitment in favor of irregular migrants, without ignoring the existence of xenophobic or discriminatory situations in some cases.
Background: Since 2015, Colombia became one of the Latin American countries where Venezuelans who have left their country due to the difficult economic, political and social situation that the country has been facing decided to migrate to, which generated a continuous arrival of Venezuelan citizens to Colombian territory, some of them in transit, and others who chose this country as their place of residence. In addition to the above, most of them have migrated illegally, a situation that has led the Colombian State to establish regularization and migratory flexibility mechanisms since 2019 to date. Objective: General: To analyze the guarantees of access of Venezuelan migrants to the mechanisms of regularization and migratory flexibility established in Colombia in the years 2019 to 2021. To examine the constitutional and conventional elements of guarantee of rights in favor of the migrant population; 2. To identify the mechanisms of flexibility and migratory regularization in Colombia; and, 2. To analyze the vision from the Temporary Statute of Protection and its innovation with respect to other legal systems (States). Materials and Methods: This was a qualitative, analytical-descriptive study, which included the application of legal hermeneutics, which facilitated the analysis of the norms and jurisprudence. Results: Article 93 of the 1991 Political Constitution states that international treaties and agreements ratified by the Congress of the Republic prevail in the internal order. The most relevant article regarding migrants is Article 100 of the Constitution, which states that foreigners shall enjoy in Colombia the same civil rights granted to Colombians. However, the law may, for reasons of public order, subject to special conditions or deny the exercise of certain civil rights to foreigners". Therefore, it is unquestionable that the Political Constitution of 1991 contemplates a normative framework guaranteeing the rights of migrants who are in the Colombian territory. On the other hand, Advisory Opinion No. 18 of 2003 established 11 conclusions, which, from the projection of the block of constitutionality embodied in the jurisprudence of the Constitutional Court has a binding character in the Colombian legal order and which are specifically analyzed in the research work, thus, the Inter-American Court makes a series of recommendations. With respect to the fundamental right to due process, which is a minimum guarantee for all migrants, regardless of their irregular status, and also that the State must constantly ensure that in the private sphere employers do not violate the principle of equality and non-discrimination and also contribute to the economy, finally, Member States must provide sufficient means for the work to be developed fully and without abuse to human dignity regardless of their status as migrants. The instruments or mechanisms implemented by the Colombian State to make the permanence of Venezuelan migrants in Colombian territory more flexible and regularize their status. Indeed, with this study and analysis it is possible to understand the institutional position on migration, especially, from the role of Receiving State, in which during the years 2015-2020 implemented the following: Special Permit to Stay - PEP, Special Complementary Permit to Stay- PECP, Special Permit to Stay for the Promotion of Formalization - PEPFF, Temporary Transit Entry and Stay Permit PIP-TT. Colombia is the first country to expand the framework of protection of refugees connoted in human rights by international organizations, especially, giving fullness to the regulatory provisions dealing with the subject, thus avoiding ambiguity, which in addition to ensuring access to essential services allows them to obtain a process with greater stability, because in a period of ten (10) years the resident visa is obtained, this being the main difference compared to previous regularization mechanisms implemented by the Colombian State. Colombia is today an example of fraternity for Latin America and the Caribbean by implementing the Temporary Protection Statute, since its innovation with respect to other legal systems is transcendental, since it emerges as an instrument that complements the international framework on refugees, thus achieving to give fullness to the gaps in the regulations in this regard. The foregoing was grounded in the reality of the migratory flow, since the institutional response capacity and the most pressing demands of migrants were addressed. Conclusions: The measures adopted by the Colombian State reflect an institutional commitment in favor of irregular migrants, without ignoring the existence of xenophobic or discriminatory situations in some cases.
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Palabras clave
Migrantes, Venezuela, Flexibilización, Regularización, Ilegales, Migrants, Venezuela, Flexibilization, Regularization, Illegal