Aproximación al flagelo de la corrupción en América Latina y sus consecuencias sobre el ejercicio de los DESCA, la gobernabilidad y la democracia
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Fecha
2020
Autores
Padilla Acuña, Ronald Emil
Orozco Maza, Jorge Luis
Ucrós Caicedo, Tatiana María
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Ediciones Universidad Simón Bolívar
Facultad de Administración y Negocios
Facultad de Administración y Negocios
Resumen
La corrupción en América Latina tiene serias afectaciones sobre el ejercicio de los Derechos Humanos y la institucionalidad. Si bien los países latinoamericanos han
avanzado en la construcción de un andamiaje legal e institucional más moderno para la lucha contra la corrupción, lo cierto es que la problemática parece desbordar los esfuerzos acumulados en las últimas décadas. Los antecedentes en el estudio de la corrupción en América Latina datan de finales de los años ochenta y principios de los noventa, acorde con el boom que en
occidente adquirió el tema desde los ámbitos académico e intelectual. Es entonces cuando los gobiernos de estas latitudes deciden crear un marco legal e institucional
que fuera más allá de las legislaturas locales, apropiando herramientas para la lucha contra la corrupción que resultaron de las discusiones multilaterales en el seno de
la OEA y la ONU, a partir de entonces el tema tiene un tratamiento predominantemente supranacional. El estado del arte indica que aun cuando las leyes contra la corrupción varían de país a país, la cooperación internacional y los compromisos vinculantes han sido determinantes en el diseño de políticas públicas
anticorrupción. La razón por la cual el abordaje de este tema se hace desde el multilateralismo, tiene que ver con los efectos perversos de la corrupción en las
sociedades, especialmente en aquellos como las de Latinoamérica que poseen preocupantes registros de inequidad y violación sistémica sobre los derechos
humanos. La corrupción, que socava la institucionalidad y la democracia, sumerge a las naciones en círculos cada vez más delicados de violencia y se erige como el
obstáculo principal que amenaza con el logro de los objetivos de desarrollo, al punto que en los últimos tiempos hemos asistido a un estallido social a lo largo de la región cuyo grito en común es el discurso de la igualdad y en contra de los corruptos. El
presente trabajo tiene como objetivo analizar, desde la óptica investigativa y argumentativa, las implicaciones del fenómeno de la corrupción sobre el desarrollo
de los llamados Derechos Económicos, sociales y ambientales (DESCA), la gobernabilidad y la democracia en América Latina. Los resultados del análisis de la
literatura y la casuística estudiada llevan a varias conclusiones interesantes, dentro de las cuales es importante mencionar dos: en primer lugar que a consecuencia del mayor flujo de información y el auge de las herramientas tecnológicas existen unas
ciudadanías más vigilantes de la acción de sus gobiernos, mas criticas frente a los temas de corrupción y exigente de unos gobiernos más éticos y transparentes. Lo
anterior sin embargo no significa que exista un recrudecimiento del flagelo de la corrupción en el sub continente en comparación con décadas pasadas, tal como pareciera indicar la sonoridad de la protesta social, tal percepción corresponde al alcance mediático actual, a la inmediatez informativa de las redes sociales y a las
tensiones surgidas de la polarización política; sin que nada de lo anterior se traduzca
en una simplificación de este complejo tema. La segunda conclusión apunta a que
el andamiaje institucional para la lucha contra la corrupción es hoy en día más
sofisticado que en el pasado. Los Estados latinoamericanos cuentan en la
actualidad con un marco para el diseño de las políticas públicas anticorrupción que
se soporte en tres pilares (legal, administrativo y tecnológico) lo cual permite
acciones más eficientes. La noticia alentadora es que la mayoría de países
latinoamericanos son democracias, y este es de lejos el sistema político más
eficiente en la lucha anticorrupción. La democracia existe a pesar de la corrupción
y es en ella donde mejor se pueden canalizar los mecanismos para garantizar el
goce de los derechos.
Corruption in Latin America has serious effects on the exercise of Human Rights. Although Latin American countries have made progress in building a more modern legal and institutional framework for the fight against corruption, the truth is that the problem seems to exceed the efforts accumulated in recent decades. Corruption in Latin America dates back to the end of the eighties and the beginning of the nineties, in line with the boom that the subject acquired in the West in the academic and intellectual fields. It was then that the governments of these countries decided to create a legal and institutional framework that goes beyond the local legislatures, adopting different tools to fight against corruption that resulted from the multilateral discussions within the OAS and the UN, the issue has had a predominantly supranational treatment ever since. Even though anti-corruption laws vary from country to country, international cooperation and binding commitments have been decisive in the design of public anti-corruption policies. The reason why the approach to this issue is done from multilateralism, has to do with the perverse effects of corruption in societies, especially in Latin America that have worrying records of inequity and systemic violation of human rights . Corruption, which undermines institutionality and democracy, plunges nations into increasingly delicate circles of violence and stands as the main obstacle that threatens the achievement of development goals, to the extent that in recent times we have witnessed a social outbreak throughout the regions, whose common speech is the discourse of equality and against corruption. This essay aims to analyze, from the investigative and argumentative perspective, the implications of the corruption phenomenon on the development of the so-called Economic, Social and Environmental Rights (ESCR), governance and democracy in Latin America. The results of the analysis of the literature and casuistry studied lead to several interesting conclusions, two of the most important are: firstly, as a consequence of the greater flow of information and the rise of technological tools, there are citizens that are more vigilant of the government actions, more critical facing corruption issues and demanding more ethical and transparent governments. However, this does not mean that there is a resurgence of the scourge of corruption in the sub-continent compared to past decades, as the sound of social protest seems to indicate, such perception corresponds to the current media reach, to the informative immediacy of the social networks and the tensions arising from political polarization; without any of the above translating into a simplification of this complex issue. The second conclusion points to the fact that the institutional framework for the fight against corruption is more sophisticated today than in the past. Latin American states currently have a framework for the design of public anti-corruption policies that is supported by three pillars (legal, administrative and technological) which allows more efficient actions. The encouraging news is that most Latin American countries are democracies, and this is by far the most efficient political system in the fight against corruption. Democracy exists despite corruption and it is in it where the mechanisms to guarantee the enjoyment of rights can best be channeled.
Corruption in Latin America has serious effects on the exercise of Human Rights. Although Latin American countries have made progress in building a more modern legal and institutional framework for the fight against corruption, the truth is that the problem seems to exceed the efforts accumulated in recent decades. Corruption in Latin America dates back to the end of the eighties and the beginning of the nineties, in line with the boom that the subject acquired in the West in the academic and intellectual fields. It was then that the governments of these countries decided to create a legal and institutional framework that goes beyond the local legislatures, adopting different tools to fight against corruption that resulted from the multilateral discussions within the OAS and the UN, the issue has had a predominantly supranational treatment ever since. Even though anti-corruption laws vary from country to country, international cooperation and binding commitments have been decisive in the design of public anti-corruption policies. The reason why the approach to this issue is done from multilateralism, has to do with the perverse effects of corruption in societies, especially in Latin America that have worrying records of inequity and systemic violation of human rights . Corruption, which undermines institutionality and democracy, plunges nations into increasingly delicate circles of violence and stands as the main obstacle that threatens the achievement of development goals, to the extent that in recent times we have witnessed a social outbreak throughout the regions, whose common speech is the discourse of equality and against corruption. This essay aims to analyze, from the investigative and argumentative perspective, the implications of the corruption phenomenon on the development of the so-called Economic, Social and Environmental Rights (ESCR), governance and democracy in Latin America. The results of the analysis of the literature and casuistry studied lead to several interesting conclusions, two of the most important are: firstly, as a consequence of the greater flow of information and the rise of technological tools, there are citizens that are more vigilant of the government actions, more critical facing corruption issues and demanding more ethical and transparent governments. However, this does not mean that there is a resurgence of the scourge of corruption in the sub-continent compared to past decades, as the sound of social protest seems to indicate, such perception corresponds to the current media reach, to the informative immediacy of the social networks and the tensions arising from political polarization; without any of the above translating into a simplification of this complex issue. The second conclusion points to the fact that the institutional framework for the fight against corruption is more sophisticated today than in the past. Latin American states currently have a framework for the design of public anti-corruption policies that is supported by three pillars (legal, administrative and technological) which allows more efficient actions. The encouraging news is that most Latin American countries are democracies, and this is by far the most efficient political system in the fight against corruption. Democracy exists despite corruption and it is in it where the mechanisms to guarantee the enjoyment of rights can best be channeled.
Descripción
Palabras clave
Corrupción, Derechos Humanos, DESCA, Democracia, Multilateralismo, Organismos internacionales, Índice de percepción de corrupción, Corruption, Human rights, ESCR, Democracy, Multilateralism, International organizations, Corruption perception index