Funciones ejecutivas en estudiantes de undécimo grado de colegios oficiales de Cúcuta y Envigado, Colombia
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Fecha
2019
Autores
Tamayo Lopera, Diego Alfredo
Hernández Calle, Jonathan
Carrillo-Sierra, Sandra-Milena
Hernández-Lalinde, Juan
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Sociedad Venezolana de Farmacología y Terapéutica
Resumen
Las funciones ejecutivas son habilidades cognitivas propias de la corteza prefrontal que permiten establecer metas, diseñar planes, seguir secuencias, seleccionar conductas apropiadas e iniciar las actividades, así como también autorregular el comportamiento, monitorizar las tareas, evaluar
los comportamientos y tener flexibilidad en el trabajo cognoscitivo y en la organización de las tareas propuestas. La presente investigación se centró en analizar las funciones ejecutivas en estudiantes de undécimo grado de colegios oficiales de Envigado, Antioquia; y Cúcuta, Norte de Santander. Para ello, se llevó a cabo un estudio descriptivo-comparativo, transversal y no experimental. Se seleccionaron mediante muestreo por cuotas 464 estudiantes a los cuales se les aplicó la segunda edición de la Batería Neuropsicológica de Funciones Ejecutivas y Lóbulos Frontales (BANFE2), luego del correspondiente consentimiento informado. La asociación
entre variables se determinó mediante la prueba chi-cuadrado, en tanto que las medias fueron comparadas a través de la prueba t y el análisis unifactorial de la varianza. El procesamiento
de los datos se llevó a cabo con los programas SPSS, R-Studio y G-Power. Se encontró que los hombres generaron puntuaciones más elevadas que las mujeres en el aspecto dorsolateral (p=2.50×10-4) y en las funciones ejecutivas (p=2.43×10-4). El efecto de la formación académica
de la madre fue significativo en los subcomponentes prefrontal anterior (p=.010), dorsolateral (p=.003) y en el constructo global (p=.025); situación que se repitió en el caso del nivel formativo paterno, en el que se registró una significación similar en la dimensión prefrontal (p=.010), pero más elevada en las áreas dorsolateral (p=3.27×10-4) y total (p=2.85×10-4).
Executive functions are the cognitive abilities of the prefrontal cortex that allow setting goals, designing plans, following sequences, selecting appropriate behaviors and initiating activities, as well as behavior self-regulating, task monitoring and have flexibility in the cognitive work and in the organization of the proposed tasks. This research focused on analyze the executive functions in 11th grade students of public high schools of Envigado, Antioquia; and Cúcuta, Norte de Santander. A cross-sectional and non-experimental study was carried out. A total of 464 students were selected through quota sampling, to which were applied the 2nd edition of the Batería Neuropsicológica de Funciones Ejecutivas y Lóbulos Frontales (BANFE2) after the corresponding informed consent. The association between variables was determined using the chi-squared test, while the means were compared through the t-test and the one-way analysis of variance. The processing of the data was developed using SPSS, R-Studio and G-Power. It was found that men students generated higher scores than women in dorsolateral dimension (p=2.50×10- 4 ) and in executive functions (p=2.43×10-4). The effect of the academic status of the mother was significant in the prefrontal subcomponents (p=.010), dorsolateral (p=.003) and in the global construct (p=.0025). In the case of the paternal educational level, a similar significance was registered in the prefrontal dimension (p=.010), but higher in the dorsolateral area (p=3.27×10-4) and total (p=2.85×10-4).
Executive functions are the cognitive abilities of the prefrontal cortex that allow setting goals, designing plans, following sequences, selecting appropriate behaviors and initiating activities, as well as behavior self-regulating, task monitoring and have flexibility in the cognitive work and in the organization of the proposed tasks. This research focused on analyze the executive functions in 11th grade students of public high schools of Envigado, Antioquia; and Cúcuta, Norte de Santander. A cross-sectional and non-experimental study was carried out. A total of 464 students were selected through quota sampling, to which were applied the 2nd edition of the Batería Neuropsicológica de Funciones Ejecutivas y Lóbulos Frontales (BANFE2) after the corresponding informed consent. The association between variables was determined using the chi-squared test, while the means were compared through the t-test and the one-way analysis of variance. The processing of the data was developed using SPSS, R-Studio and G-Power. It was found that men students generated higher scores than women in dorsolateral dimension (p=2.50×10- 4 ) and in executive functions (p=2.43×10-4). The effect of the academic status of the mother was significant in the prefrontal subcomponents (p=.010), dorsolateral (p=.003) and in the global construct (p=.0025). In the case of the paternal educational level, a similar significance was registered in the prefrontal dimension (p=.010), but higher in the dorsolateral area (p=3.27×10-4) and total (p=2.85×10-4).
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Palabras clave
Funciones ejecutivas, Estudiantes, Envigado, Cúcuta, Escolaridad materna, Escolaridad paterna, Executive functions, Academic status of the mother, Academic status of the father